Biology 2- Final exam

Carring capacity in flies displayed on graph

100 flies is carrying capacity

How would you expect carrying capacity to change if flies had more food?

Population should increase

All of the following are density dependent factors that influence population size except

Extreme weather

How do you determine growth rate of a population

Birth rate- death rate

Habitat refers to the ….

natural home or environment of an organism

When a population grows larger than the carrying capacity…

food can become scarce, birth rate drop, death rates rise ALL THE ABOVE

The food chain is best described as

flow of energy between organisms in an ecosystem

The single most common cause of species endangerment right now is

Habitat destruction/alteration

A fungus found in the soil grows on roots and oak trees, it helps improve the growth of the tree by helping transport nutrients whereas the fungus takes sugars produced by the oak by photosynthesis. This is an example of

Mutualism

Which is an example of an invasive species

European starling

Which of the following has the highest rainfall

Tropical rainforest

Which term refers to all members of a single species living in a specified geographic region

Population

Which term refers to a community of organisms and their interactions with the physical environment

Ecosystem

Purple loose is a beautiful long wetland species brought to the united states from Europe as an ornamental plant it has no predators and outcompetes other species of wetland grasses. this is an example of …..

Invasive species

sea otters in a kelp forest play what role

Keystone species

Which of the following terrestrial biomes has the greatest biodiversity

The tropical rainforest

Which of these is a form of animal predator defense

All of the above. Running, hiding, spikes, etc.

Which of the following choices is incoreectly paired

Savannas have long cold winters and abundant precipitation throughout the year (Its the OPPOSITE)

Which of the following biomes is dominated by gymnosperms and conifer trees

Taiga

Which survivorship curve are humans an example of

Type 1

Which survivorship are salmon and oysters

Type 3- Low survivorship at first than grows

Which category of species would best fit a blue whale that has a high drive to care for their young

K selected species

Which of the following statements about K selected and R selected species is false

R selected species are unstable their population can rise and fall

Any competitive relationship where two species compete for the same resources what is the result

Both species will suffer negative effects regardless who outcompetes the other

What sort of ecological relationship will result in an oscillation in both species and population sizes?

Predator and prey cycle

A mark-recapture study involves

counting and marking individuals in an area followed by a second trapping effort during which % of marked individuals is recorded

What sort of relationship will welcome positive outcomes for both species

Mutualism

Use the figures below to answer the following questions in the hypothesis- What can be concluded by the two species (two pictures of oysters or muscles on rocks)

The fundamental niches might be similar but their realized niches are different

You are tasked with estimating the number of oak trees in a large forest, what sampling method would you use?

Line transect

Enviornmental resitance results in

Carrying capacity

Which of the following is associated with long term pariental care

Having pure offspring

Species with limited resources usually exhibit a

logistic growth curve

Species that have many offspring at one time are usually

R selected species

A forest fire once destroyed the Houston toad population this is an example of

density independent regulation

Which of the following statements does NOT support the conclusion that giraffes are k selected species

Newborns being able to walk within hours after birth

A country with zero human population growth is likely to be

economically developed

Which type of country has the greatest population of young individuals

Underdeveloped countries

Which of the following is NOT a way humans have increased the carrying capacity for their species

Use of language

The first species to live on new land such as those that have formed for volcanic lava are called

Pioneer species

The primary producers in an ocean food web

Phytoplankton

The position of the organism along the food chain is the

Trophic level

The loss of an Apex consumer would impact which tropic level

ALL OF THEM

A food chain would be a better resource than a food web to answer which question

How energy moves from one trophic level to another

The weight of living organisms in an ecosystem at a particular point in time

Biomass

Population pyramid

Lots of young people mean population is expanding

If a population has equal chance of dying as it is young as it is old what type of survivorship curve does it have

Type 2

Which of the following biomes is characterized by abundant water resources

Tropical rainforest

Which biome is characterized by short growing seasons

Tundra

Where would you expect to find the most photosynthesis in the ocean

The photic zone (where there is light)

A key feature of estuaries is the

mixing of saltwater and fresh water

The gulf of Mexico dead zone is caused by

runoff of agricultural fertilizers into the Mississippi river that then empty out into the gulf

What imapct does sea level rise has on coastal nesting birds

they lose habitat as sea levels rise

Keystone predator being present and the number of species is high but with the number of the keystone species absent the number of species is low

Supports the idea that removing a keystone species would reduce species richness

an incremental lowering of standards that results when each new generation lacks knowledge of the prehistoric condition of the environment

Shifting base line syndrome

If a pollutant like DVT is eaten by zooplankton that are then consumed by fish that are then consumed by larger fish that are then consumed by an eagle

Biomagnification

Which of these is NOT one of the conservaion ethics

Trying to prevent evolutoion of adapation to the evniroment

Which of these conservation ecologists will most likely agree with the Bureau of Land Management's recent decision to cut off human interaction with desert land?

John Maurer

Consider the nitrogen cycle depicted, what is the limiting portion of plants

Bacteria to nitrogen fixation into a usable form that plants can use

What pond has more species richness

Pond 2- has 4 species whereas Pond 1 has 3 species therefore pond 2 has more species richness

Which trophic level is more prone to extinction

The highest consumer level

Which of the following threaten biodiversity

Includes all Habitat alteration, climate change, harvesting, and introduction of invasive species

Which of the following is a key part of the carbon cycle

ALL OF THEM

The main cause of the increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere in the past 150 years is the

very large amount of burning of woods and fossil fuels

Local conditions such as heavy rainfall or the removal of plants may limit the nitrogen, Phosphorus, and calcium available in a particular ecosystem but the amount of carbon available to the system is still a problem, why?

Other nutrients come from the soil while carbon is coming from the air

why are changes in the global carbon cycle important

increasing atmosphere concentration of carbon dioxide is altering Earth’s climate

5 new individuals were added to a small population in 1986 and 10 more were added later on, what occurred after this

the growth rate began to grow

What interactions exist between fungi and plant roots

Mutualism (++)

What must exist in a population for natural selection to act upon

Some sort of variation to act upon

Which of these conditions are always true is a populations evolving due to natural selection

Population has to vary in traits that are heritable AND Those heritable traits must increase reproduction (1 and 2)

Mutation is the…

ultimate source of new alleles in a population

Human females tend to prefer the scent of males with the greatest difference in the MHC this is an example of…

Sexual selection

The modern synthesis of the theory of evolution incorporates our current understanding and our genetics if Darwin had been aware of genes to promote the transmission of generation, with which statement would he most likely agree with….

Natural selection can change gene frequency in a population over generations given enough time and genetic diversity than natural selection can cause genetic change to produce genetic change to reproduce from old ones

Which best defines a biological species

A group of organisms that are reproductively isolation from other groups and are often but not always distinct from others in appearance or behavior

What best defines a biological population

A group of organisms that successfully reproduce with one another and live in the same geographic area

Whats a gene pool

All the alleles present within a population

Microevolution

occurs at the population level, looking at population changes and changes in allele frequency

True or false: A change in allele frequency over successive generations in a population signifies that some from of evolution is occurring

True

(figure) Different species and geneses- ancestors of modern horse

Macroevolution (larger trends in fossil record)

An earthquake decimates the population of ground squirrels, killing 98% of squirrels, those who happened to survive happen to have broader stripes. What effect did the earthquake have on the population?

Genetic bottleneck

Which of the following is the most critical outcome of increased gene flow between two populations

Decreased genetic difference

In parts of equitaory Africa where a malaria parasite is most common, the sickle cell allele has constituted around 20% of the gene pool of generation. In the U.S. however, the parasite that caused malaria is not present but African Americans whose ancestors were from the same regions of the equitory have 10%. What could be happening to the sickle cell allele in the U.S. and what should happen to the sickle cell in Africa?

The sickle cell would attain a decrease in the frequency in the U.S (directional selection) in Africa it would be stabalized

Macroevolution

Evolutionary patterns beyond a level of a single species

Dogs and grey wolves can interbreed to produce viable fertile offspring share a common ancestor and have similarities although their anatomy is very different. what two species concepts would place dogs and wolves together into a single species?

1. biological species concept and 2. Genealogical species concept

House finches were found only in western North America until 1939 when few individuals were released in New York City, these individuals established a population. These two populations have come in contact and are unable to interbreed this will be an example of

reinforcement

Beetle pollinators are attracted to a particular plant and are attracted to its flower’s bright orange color. The Beetles not only pollinate the flowers but mate while inside the flowers. A mutant version of the plant has red flowers that become common over time. A particular variant in beetles begins to prefer red flowers over orange flowers. Over time these two beetle varients diverge from each other to such an extent that interbreeding is no longer possible. What kind of speciation has occurred and what drove it?

Sympatric speciation and habitat differentiation

Taxonomy

is the science of describing, naming, and classifying living and extinct organisms and viruses

Which taxonomic group is the most inclusive

Domain (domain bacteria, archaea, and eukaria)

Which of the following lists the order of some Taxa from biggest to smallest (proper order)

domain- kingdom- phylum- order- family- genus- species (missing class)

What is a major difference between bacteria and archaea

Archaea use the star codon just like eukaryotes. bacteria use informal

Which supergroup includes the aviolite phyla responsible for red tides and _____ phyla that is responsible for potato blight

Chromalveolata

Which supergroup consists of unicellular and non photosynthetic organisms with shells who sustain mitochodira makeup majority of the percent in fossils

Radiolarians

Who belongs to the super group Opisthokonta

Fungi, animals, metazoans and flagella (ALL OF THEM)

In which supergroup do most organisms have pseudopods

Amoebozoa

Which of the following species name is written properly

the one that is italicized and the first letter of the last name is capital

Using the phylogenetic tree which of the following is most closely related to species A

Species B (share a recent common ancestor)

Using the phylogenetic tree which of the following species is most closely related to species D

Species C (share a recent common ancestor)

Using the phylogenetic tree which point represents a common ancestor between species A and D

At point X

What type of phyletic group is found in the circle

Monophyletic- all decedents from a common ancestor are represented in this group

Reptiles use to be ________. Meaning one of the common ancestors was left out.

Paraphyletic

Humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans are members of the clade called great apes. Which share a common ancestor around 15 million years ago. Chimps and gorillas are humans’ closest relatives, if humans were removed from the clade this would have the effect of making the phylogenetic tree.

Paraphyletic because we are trying to exclude ourselves