US History Honors Final Exam 23-24

What brought the United States into their first global conflict

The Zimmerman telegram, Mexico was urged by Germany to attack the US in exchange for territory. Then, when the British passenger ship The Lusitania was sunk, Americans died as a result.

What did President Wilson do in WW1

He preached isolationism/neutrality, saying the world must be made safe for democracy. However, seeing as the attacks would go on, he declared war with the help of congress.

What was MAIN

The first global conflict was World War 1, which was caused by Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism and Nationalism.

Militarism

is the policy of military preparedness and building up weapons. Nations started creating a lot of weapons and ammunition very quickly.

Alliances

is the formal agreement signed by nations. If one country goes to war, allies are obligated to support them. As one country grew stronger, so did its alliances.

Imperialism

is the practice of extending a nation's power by gaining more territories.

Nationalism

is the extreme pride that people feel for their country. This overconfidence in one's country allows them to believe that in the event of a war, they will be victorious.

What effect did WW1 have on the citizens of the United States

1. posters were used to spread messages to the citizens in regard to the war effort. (Posters promoted daylight savings, victory gardens, liberty bonds) 2. Anyone who spoke against the war-effort was prosecuted, also made illegal under the Sedition Act and Espionage act.

What effect did WW1 have upon the world's view of the democratic system

The Treaty of Versailles was implemented on the Germans as their punishment for their destruction. President Wilson wanted the world to go back to peace. Countries such as France and Britain wanted Germany to face harsher consequences and face war reparations. Italy had less of a say as they switched alliances.

Selective Service Act

every male 18-45 had to join the military. Only certain people were exempted from the war draft.

Homefront effort

The spread of Propaganda through Testimonial, Virtue Words, name calling/dehumanizing, bandwagon, fear among the Central powers.

Archduke Assassination

Austria's Archduke (Franz Ferdinand and his wife) were assassinated by Gavrillo Princip, a Serbian nationalist, because of Austria's threat to Serbian's independence. (The annex of Bosnia)

Domino effect

Austria declares war on Serbia. Germany, allies with Austria, had to support them. Russia has alliances with Serbia. France and Russia are allies, so Germany declares war on France as well. Germany attacks Belgium, allies with the British, war is declared on Germany.

Domino effect order

Serbia → Austria Hungary →Germany →Russia →France →England →USA

Technology & weapons

Larger tanks, chemical gas, barbed wires, machine guns, rifles

League of Nations

An organization that followed Wilson's points where they resolved conflict before immediately declaring war

Schenck v. United States (1919)

Schenck was arrested under the Espionage Act for distributing a leaflet that told men to resist the draft. They ruled in favor of the US. Schenck brought up the argument that he maintained his free speech clause of the first amendment. As a result, the Supreme Court argued that wartime circumstances changed the rights of free speech and created the "clear and present danger" rule.

Peace effort

The (big four) four leaders of France, Italy, Great Britain, and America met together to discuss reparations that Germany had to pay.

The allied powers

USA, France, Great Britain, russia, Serbia

the central powers

Germany, Austria-hungary, ottoman empire

The Triple Entente

the Britain, France, and russia.

The Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria Hungary, and Italy.

How did American society and culture change in the 1920's

American culture changed in the 1920's due to the economic boom after the war. Ford's Assembly Line Method, allowing workers to perform tasks on an automobile. Made wages better and hired people of color and all religions. Introduction of installment buying, a payment plan over time. Introduction of new culture from the Harlem Renaissance, great migration, Women's rights, and Al Capone/prohibition.

How did life change for Women's Rights

Women were traditionally seen as mothers, working at home, caring for the family, and supporting their husbands. In the 1920s, women began fighting for their right to vote through speeches, writing, lectures, protesting, and lobbying. The 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote.

How did life change for African Americans

When the Great Migration occurred, Africans infiltrated white neighborhoods and took their jobs, making them feel threatened. Southern populations decreased as they were migrating to Northern areas. Post-war, African Americans hoped for equal treatment but faced similar treatment. Protests for equality rights began during the Harlem Renaissance, an era of different art and music. The Ku Klux Klan overgrew, leading to death.

How did life change for Immigrants

Many nativists did not welcome immigrants, leading to deportations and arrests. They were never hired for jobs, fear of anarchism/communism

Prohibition

the 18th amendment, banned the manufacture and transportation of alcoholic beverages. Prohibition turned normal citizens into criminals overnight. Alcohol was believed to be the root of all problems, society and for wives. People ran speakeasies, where alcohol was sold and boot legged, illegal manufacture of alcohol.

Al Capone

was a gangster who ran speakeasies and bootlegging alcohol. Suspected perpetrator of the valentine's day massacre, when men met up for alcohol and got shot instead.

Red scare

Widespread fear of communists, anarchists, and radical

Palmer raids

The government arrested suspected communists, resulting in the loss of innocent lives.

Sacco and Vanzetti

two Italian immigrants that were wrongfully accused of shooting sales clerk and security guard bc of heritage, they were given the death sentence despite the worldwide protests

What were the causes that brought the U.S. into its worst economic depression

Smoot Hawley Tariff , bank/farm failures, dust bowl, rugged individualism, stock market crash

Installment buying

They would buy something you couldn't afford and then you would pay it off overtime. This allowed many Americans to buy things like cars, homes, and other very lavish products. Nobody saved their money for the long run.

Smoot Hawley Tariff

This tariff raised taxes on imported goods resulting in a loss of international trade, less people buying high priced goods, and a terrible impact on the global economy.

Stock market crash

Shares massively depreciated in value (About 80%) due to people getting nervous the economy was going into downturn so thousands of Americans sold their stocks all at once, resulting in the stock market crashing.

Bank failures

Banks gave out people's money, so when people wanted to collect their funds from the bank the bank could not pay them back. Ppl lost trust in banks.

Dust Bowl

the result of a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged agriculture

Farm failures

farmers couldn't keep up with overseas prices. Also the Dust bowl ruined crops, killed livestock, and infected people with diseases caused by dust invading their internal systems.

Rugged individualism

Hoover believed in a hands off government so he didn't restrict businesses, when the depression happened, the government did not help or provide solutions

How was the nation affected by this economic collapse

Factories were shut down, farms and homes were lost to foreclosure (government ceased away property), mills and mines were abandoned. People couldn't afford to live in homes resulting in "Hoovervilles" which were shacks built of scrap that people lived in when they could not afford to live in a real home.

How did the Hoover Administration respond

Hoover signed into law the Emergency Relief Construction Act, which allowed the RFC to lend $300 million to the states for relief programs and $1.5 billion for public works projects. Hoover also persuaded Congress to establish Federal Home Loan Banks to help protect people from losing their homes.

How did the New Deal influence the nation and ease the effects of the Great Depression

Roosevelt's "New Deal" aimed at promoting economic recovery and putting Americans back to work through intervention. New Federal agencies stabilize wages and prices, and create a vast public works program for the unemployed. Relief recovery reform.

WPA

Works Progress administration, gave construction jobs to people

FDIC

federal deposit insurance company, supplying insurance and restoring trust in banks after depression

CCC

Civilian conservation corps, hired unemployed white men to do conservation work

Struggles of the new deal

Many doubts about the New Deal because it took too long and was putting the country into even more debt.Spending too much money on unnecessary projects. The role of the government was now too big.

Recession vs depression

recession was a short period in which the economy was failing, depression was long- term economy failure

Herbert Hoover

Rugged individualism and Laissez faire capitalism, hands off government, no federal intervention

Election of 1932

FDR (democrat) widely supported then hoover (republican), citizens wanted any president but him, FDR won by land slide

What are the causes and effects of the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor

The US began to restrict trade to prevent the expansion of Japan. The US wanted to avoid war. The US cut off fuel and oil to Japan. Japan wanted to weaken US naval + capture supplies. The attack killed thousands of soldiers and destroyed many U.S Navy ships. It brought the United States into the war.

Was the United States justified in their use of Japanese Internment Camps

The Supreme Court ruled that the Japanese Internment Camps were justified as it was for wartime necessity, ensuring the safety of the country. Though, not all Japanese-Americans believed in the attack which isolated them from their country.

Why were internment camps set in place

The reason for these camps was the worry that the American government has of Japanese espionage. Worried about much more fatal events, it was cautionary.

Conditions of internment camps

Thousands of Japanese Americans died in the camps. There were poorly built houses and Armed guards would occasionally shoot anyone that tried to escape.

Japanese Internment Camps

the camps established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt forced Japanese Americans to relocate to concentration camps. The camps were ringed with barbed wire and fences with armed guards.

What is the significance of the Allies' D-Day invasion of France

Allies' D-Day invasion of France- 7,000 ships came to Omaha Beach, Normandy France. Troops by sea and air invaded Normandy which was taken over by the Nazi. The reason for this invasion was in hopes to liberate Western Europe and defeat Nazi Germany. This was significant because it led to the liberation of France, denying Germany any further power. It put the Allies on a path of victory.

What role did American industry and science play in mobilizing to fight WWII

The American Industry manufactured war goods and weapons. America led the world in arms production-making an ample amount of supplies to fill its military needs. Physicists like Oppenheimer and Einstein created the atomic bomb. The atomic bomb brought death and massive destruction toNagasaki and Hiroshima. Physicists worked together to gather information on the materials and chemicals required to make the atomic bomb.

Was the United States justified in dropping the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Dropping the atomic bomb would end the war successfully and the quickest way to end it, justified the effort and expense of building the bombs, it would prevent the deaths of Americans.

Japan relations with other countries

Japan caused destruction in the Philippines and China, leading to the Rape of Nanking, and the Bataan Death March, resulting in thousands of civilian deaths and thousands of American soldiers being captured.

ww2 Allies power

United States, Great Britain, France, Soviet Union

ww2 Axis powers

Germany, Japan, Italy

Totalitarianism

A totalitarian government that exerts total control over a nation (ex. germany, hitler)

Adolf Hitler

Served in WW1, he joined a small party called the Nazi Party. His powerful speaking skills made him the leader. Hitler tried to overthrow the German government in 1923, but failed. When the Nazi party grew, Hitler was made chancellor.

Neutrality act

Prevented international involvement by banning the US from providing weapons to nations at war,banned loans, and selling arms.

Lend-Lease act

The US would aid any nation whose defense was vital for American security. (Us sent aid to Britain, then USSR).

How did WW2 end

The war ended when the Soviet union surrounded Berlin, Hitler commited suicide and then Germany surrendered. it wasn't actually over as the allies needed to defeat Japan.

Kristallnacht

The night of broken class. The Nazis destroyed Jewish stores, houses, and synagogues. They also arrested a bunch of Jews that night and sent them to concentration camps.

The Manhattan Project -

American-led effort to develop a working atomic bomb during WW2 with the help of physicists Albert Einstein and Robet Oppenheimer. The first bomb was dropped in Hiroshima, and the second bomb was dropped in Nagasaki. Japan accepted the terms for surrender, made official aboard the USS missouri.

The Munich Agreement

England and France tried to keep out of war with Germany by appeasement, giving into demands in order to keep the peace. Hitler wanted sudetenland, so the allies agreed but nobody consulted Czechoslovakia.

Island Hopping

Attacked specific small enemy held islands of Japan to prevent Japan from getting supplies. This built up US' bases while it decreased Japanese defenses..

Kamikazes:

Suicide planes with bombs that deliberately crashed into enemy ships for damage.

Japanese soldier mentality:

Nationalistic, they were to fight til the end and lose their death rather than surrender otherwise their familes would disown them. They died in kamikaze suicidal attacks.

Japanese citizen Mentality:

citizens feared the US, threw babies off cliffs in fear that Americans would eat them. Japanese propaganda depicted Americans as monsters. citizens commited suicide rather then be captured. familes fled north with as much food.