history chapter 13 and 14

Celts

Earliest known inhabitants of the British isles

Druids

Political religious leaders of the celts

Stonehenge

Ancient Celtic worship site and observatory

Anglo-Saxon

Collective name for Germanic tribes that invaded England

Scops

Wandering poets

Beowulf

Greatest Saxon poem about Anglo-Saxon culture

Augustine

1st Archbishop of Canterbury

664

England accepted Catholics by this time

The Venerable Bede

Concept of B.C./A.D. division in history

Dames

Invaded England in the 800s and conquered every section but Wessex

Alfred the Great

King of Wessex who defeated the Dames and confirmed them to Danelaw

Canute the Dane

The Danes took back control under his rule by 1000

Edward the confessor

Saxon king of England who died without a heir causing war

William from Normandy and Harold Godwin

Men who both claimed the throne in 1066

Battle of Hastings (1066)

William the conqueror defeated and killed Harold Godwin at this battle

Census

A count of the people in their property

William the conquer

Created the doomsday book and establish the great council

Charter of liberties

End heavy taxation of nobles and the church

Exchequer

Administrator of finance and judges of revenue matter

Henry II

Grandson Henry 1 started the plangnet line of Kings

Trial by jury

a group of people called on to give a verdict in a legal matter

Richard 1

Spent most of his time fighting in wars and crusades. Also known as the lionhearted

Eleanor of Acquitaine

Mother who maintained her sons kingdom for him

John

Lost much of Englands land to king Philip Augustine of France

Magna Carta

Put the king under the law in 1215

Habeus Corpus

The right of a person to have their “day in court”

Constitution

a written plan which sets up a form of government and establish its basis governing principles

Henry III

Noble rebelled against him and organized a group called parliament

Edward II

lost control over Scotland in the battle of Banmochurn

Llewelyn

king of wales

Sir William Wallace

National hero of Scotland

Edward III

became King after his father was forced to abduct the throne to his son the House of Lords and the house of common developed during his rule

Hundred year war

England vs. France

Joan of Arc

peasant girl who led french forces into battle 

Richard II

last plantagenet king

Henry IV

rebelled against Richard because of the Hundred year war 1st king of the lancaster line

lancaster (red rose) and York (white rose)

familys that fought until 1485 in the war of roses

Battle of Bosworth field

final major battle of the war of roses

Henry Tudor 

defeated the York's and became known as Henry VII

Henry VII

first Tudor king and united Lancaster and the yorks

Hugh Capets

his coronation began the modern nation of France

987

hugh capets coronation

Philip II

first king to place his position above the nobles:; accompained Richard on the crusade of kings

Louis IX

made France the most powerful nation in europe

Philip IV

argued with Boniface VIII over power in France

Estates- General

frances version of Parliament; Philip IV created this group to gain support against the pope

land of France was destroyed. established the french monarchy power, France became the strongest nation in Europe, and france did not allow any political or religious freedom for their people 

what were the four major outcomes of the Hundred year war

moors

muslims from north Africa who took control of Hispania

Reconquista

war led by Spanish kingdoms to reconquer the moors

Ferdinand and Isabella

king and queen of Spain who united Argon and Castille

Spanish Inquisition

attempt to destroy Protestant heretics in spain

Lusitania

ancient Roman name for Portugal

Affonso Henrique

 Man who made Portugal become independent; made Lisbon his capital

John I

king of portugal during its greatest days of glory

marco polo

italian explorer who traveled into the far east during the 1200’s

Prince henry the navigator

stated a school for navigation and exploration

Bartolomeu Dais 

sailed to the southern portion of africa, the cape of good hope

Vasco da Gama

sailed around Africa to India first european to reach the far east by sea

christopher columbus

desired a western route to the Indies

Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria

ships the Columbus traveled to the new world in

October 12, 1492

date of when columbus landed on San Salvador

Amerigo Vespucci

italian sailor after whom america is named

Mayas

first great civilization of the western hemisphere

Incus

most important civilization in south america Cuzco was their cap.

Aztecs

most powerful north American empire at the beginning of the age of exploration Tenohitlan was their cap.

Conquistadors

“conquerors”

Ponce de Leon 

first spanish landing in North America searched for the fountain of youth 

Vasco de Balboa 

discovered the Pacific ocean

Ferdinand Magelllan

guy who took a 3 year voyage around the world first to circumnavigate the globe

Hernando Cortez

conquered the Aztecs and their powerful leader Montezuma II

Francisco Pizarro

conquered the Inus of peru

Francisco Coronado

discovered the grand canyon

Hernando de Soto

discovered the mississippi river

Juan Calrillo

explored the coast of California

line of demarcation

drawn by pope Alexander VI to end the exploration rivalry between Spain and portugal

pedro calral

claimed brazil for porugal

Giovanni de Verrazano

explored the east coast of north america

Jacques Cartier

discovered the Saint Lawernce river

John Cabet

first modern explorer to reach the north American mainland

Newfoundland

gave england major claim to territory in the new world

Johann Reachlin

translated the old testament from Hebrew into German during the 1400’s

Phillip Melanchthon

a friend of Martin Luther who translated the new testament from Greek to German

William Tyndale

printed the first Bible in the English language (new testament)

Jacque Le Fevere D’etaples

translate the bible into french and promoted the teaching of justification by faith alone

Desiderius Erasmus

taught that the Catholic church was “distorting” God’s word

Greek bible

Erasmus printed the first completed Greek New Testament in 1516

University of Erfurt

martin Luther studied law here

University of Wittenburg

luthe became a professor at this college

Romans 1:16-17

“the just shall live by faith”

Johann Tetzel

a friar appointed who traveled in Europe selling indulgences for pope Leo X and the building of St. Peter’s catherdral

October 31, 1517

date that luther named the 95 theses to the door of the church

protestant

protested the corrupt church practices

reformation

reform the problem in the church

diet 

an official church meeting

Johan Eck

luther challenged this man to a debate in 1519

Diet of worms

luther was commanded by emperor Charles V to attend this diet in 1521

edict of worms

declared Martin Luther a heritic

Wartburg castle

placed where Luther stayed when he was “kidnapped”

popular education

luther promoted this idea for all people