Untitled Flashcards Set

Tip-of-the-Tongue (TOT)

A temporary inability to recall information you know.

Information Processing Model of Memory

Consists of encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Rehearsal

Strengthens memory by repeating information.

Retrieval Cues

Triggers that help you access memories.

Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to form new memories.

Retrograde Amnesia

Inability to recall old memories.

Working Memory

Active, temporary memory used for immediate tasks.

Distributed Practice (Spacing Effect)

Learning spread over time is more effective than cramming.

Procedural Memories

Memories for skills or tasks (e.g., riding a bike).

Semantic Encoding

Storing information by its meaning.

Shallow Processing

Memorizing based on surface features.

Iconic Memory

Visual memory that is short-lasting.

Echoic Memory

Auditory memory that lasts a few seconds.

Serial Position Effect

Better recall of first (primacy) and last (recency) items in a list.

Recognition

Identifying information (e.g., multiple choice questions).

Recall

Retrieving information (e.g., essay questions).

Retroactive Interference

New information disrupts the recall of old information.

Proactive Interference

Old information disrupts the recall of new information.

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

A graph showing how memory fades over time.

Random Assignment

Reduces bias in experiments by randomly assigning participants.

Double-Blind Studies

Prevents bias from both participants and researchers.

Encoding Failure

Information never gets properly stored.

Episodic Memories

Personal memories of events.

Chunking

Grouping information into units for easier recall.

Positive Correlation

Variables that move together.

Negative Correlation

One variable goes up while the other goes down.

Primacy Effect

Remembering the first items in a list.

Recency Effect

Remembering the last items in a list.

Maintenance Rehearsal

Simple repetition of information.

Elaborative Rehearsal

Adding meaning or context to information.

Self-Reference Effect

Better memory for information related to oneself.

Context-Dependent Memory

Recall improves in the same environment as learning.

Independent Variable

The manipulated variable in an experiment.

Dependent Variable

The measured variable in an experiment.

Statistical Significance

Results that are not likely due to chance.

Method of Loci

Memory technique using familiar locations for recall.

Mood-Congruent Memory

Recall is easier when mood matches memory content.

Long-Term Potentiation

Strengthening of synapses for long-term learning.

Priming

Exposure to one stimulus influences response to another.