Untitled Flashcards Set
## Unit 2 Study Guide with Memory Aids
1. What is TOT (Tip-of-the-Tongue)?
A temporary inability to recall information you know.
Memory Aid: Visualize the word at the tip of your tongue as if it’s stuck and trying to jump out.
2. What are the three parts of the information processing model of memory?
Encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Memory Aid: Think of a computer: typing (encoding), saving (storage), and reopening (retrieval).
3. What does rehearsal do?
Strengthens memory by repeating information.
Memory Aid: Repeat "Rehearsal builds recall" several times to remember.
4. What are retrieval cues?
Triggers that help you access memories.
Memory Aid: Imagine a key (cue) unlocking a memory box.
5. Difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia:
- Anterograde: Can’t form new memories.
- Retrograde: Can’t recall old memories.
Memory Aid: "Retro" means past; "antero" sounds like "after."
6. Describe working memory:
Active, temporary memory used for immediate tasks.
Memory Aid: Think of a workspace or sticky notes for short-term tasks.
7. Explain distributed practice (spacing effect):
Learning spread over time is more effective than cramming.
Memory Aid: "Space your study to ace your test."
8. What are procedural memories?
Memories for skills or tasks (e.g., riding a bike).
Memory Aid: "Procedures" are steps you follow.
9. Explain semantic encoding:
Storing information by its meaning.
Memory Aid: "Semantic" = "Sense-making."
10. What is shallow processing?
Memorizing based on surface features (e.g., how something looks).
Memory Aid: Imagine skimming water instead of diving deep.
11. Explain iconic and echoic memory:
- Iconic: Visual memory (short-lasting).
- Echoic: Auditory memory (lasts a few seconds).
Memory Aid: "Eye-conic" for eyes, "echo" for sound.
12. What is the serial position effect?
Better recall of first (primacy) and last (recency) items in a list.
Memory Aid: Picture a sandwich; you remember the bread more than the middle.
13. Difference between recognition and recall:
- Recognition: Identifying (e.g., multiple choice).
- Recall: Retrieving (e.g., essay).
Memory Aid: Recognizing faces is easier than recalling names.
14. Difference between retroactive and proactive interference:
- Retroactive: New disrupts old.
- Proactive: Old disrupts new.
Memory Aid: PROactive = PRior knowledge interferes.
15. Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve:
A graph showing how memory fades over time.
Memory Aid: Picture a downward slope for forgetting.
16. Why is random assignment important?
Reduces bias in experiments.
Memory Aid: "Randomness ensures fairness."
17. Why do we use double-blind studies?
Prevents bias from participants and researchers.
Memory Aid: "Two blinds = no bias."
18. What is encoding failure?
Information never gets properly stored.
Memory Aid: Picture forgetting to save a file.
19. What are episodic memories?
Personal memories of events.
Memory Aid: "Episodes" of your life.
20. What is chunking?
Grouping information into units for easier recall.
Memory Aid: 123-456-789 is easier than 123456789.
21. Positive vs. negative correlations on a chart:
- Positive: Variables move together.
- Negative: One goes up, the other down.
Memory Aid: "Positives rise together."
22. Describe the primacy and recency effects:
- Primacy: Remembering the first items.
- Recency: Remembering the last items.
Memory Aid: Start and end strong.
23. Difference between maintenance and elaborative rehearsal:
- Maintenance: Simple repetition.
- Elaborative: Adding meaning or context.
Memory Aid: Elaborative = elaborate stories.
24. What is the self-reference effect?
Better memory for information related to yourself.
Memory Aid: "Me-focused memory."
25. What is context-dependent memory?
Recall improves in the same environment as learning.
Memory Aid: "Context creates clarity."
26. Process of experiments:
Identify independent variable (manipulated) and dependent variable (measured).
Memory Aid: "Independent initiates, dependent depends."
27. What is statistical significance?
Results are not likely due to chance.
Memory Aid: "Significant = strong evidence."
28. What is the method of loci?
Memory technique using familiar locations.
Memory Aid: Picture memories placed in rooms of a house.
29. Explain mood-congruent memory:
Recall is easier when mood matches memory content.
Memory Aid: "Happy remembers happy."
30. What is long-term potentiation?
Strengthening of synapses for long-term learning.
Memory Aid: "Potentiation = potential for learning."
31. Describe priming:
Exposure to one stimulus influences response to another.
Memory Aid: "Primed for action."