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Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
Explicit Memory
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare; also called declarative memory.
Implicit Memory
Retention independent of conscious recollection; also called nondeclarative memory.
Sensory Memory
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
Short-term Memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten.
Working Memory
A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming information.
Encoding
The processing of information into the memory system, for example, by extracting meaning.
Storage
The process of retaining encoded information over time.
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage.
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units to enable easier recall.
Mnemonics
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
Heirarchies
Organizing knowledge into broad concepts that can be divided and subdivided into narrower concepts.
Automatic Processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency.
Effortful Processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Parallel Processing
The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing.
Shallow Processing
Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words.
Deep Processing
Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.
Spacing Effect
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
Testing Effect
Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information.
Iconic Memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
Echoic Memory
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.
Self-reference Effect
The tendency to better remember information that is personally meaningful or related to oneself.
