HIST 1013 Final Exam Study Guide

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering essential terms and concepts for the final exam in HIST 1013, based on Unit Two material.

Articles of Confederation

The first constitution of the United States, establishing the functions of the national government. It required unanimous approval to make change impossible, lacked judicial and executive branches, couldn’t levy taxes which led funding to be relied on the states led to severe economic difficulties. 

Land Ordinance of 1785

A law that regulated land sales in the Northwest Territory, allowing for orderly settlement.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

A law that established a framework for governing the Northwest Territory and admitting new states.

Shay’s Rebellion

An armed uprising in 1786-1787 aimed at protesting economic injustices and the lack of government response. led by William Shay in Western Massachusetts

Three Fifths Compromise

An agreement counting three-fifths of a state's slave population for representation and taxation.

Great Compromise

An agreement to create a bicameral legislature, balancing the needs of small and large states.Senate (upper house) received equal representation where each state has 2 senators. House of Representatives; representation by the state population. 

Virginia Plan

A proposal for a strong national government with representation based on population.

New Jersey Plan

A proposal for a weak national government where each state had equal representation.

Federalist #10

An essay by James Madison arguing for the importance of a large republic to control factions.

Gradual Emancipation

A policy that freed enslaved individuals slowly over time rather than immediately.

Hamilton’s Economic Plan

A series of measures to stabilize the American economy through federal assumption of debts.

Strict Construction

An interpretation of the Constitution that emphasizes limited governmental powers. argument that the federal government only possesses those powers explicitly described in the constitution

Loose Construction

An interpretation of the Constitution that allows for broader governmental powers.

Edmund Genet

A French diplomat whose actions in the U.S. created controversy during the French Revolution.

Impressment

The act of forcing American sailors into the British Navy during the early 1800s.

Whiskey Rebellion

A 1794 protest against the excise tax on whiskey, demonstrating the federal government's power.

Jay’s Treaty

A 1794 agreement that resolved issues between the U.S. and Britain and maintained peace.

Quasi War

An undeclared naval conflict between the United States and France in the late 1790s.

XYZ Affair

A diplomatic incident that escalated tensions between the United States and France.

Alien & Sedition Acts

Laws targeting immigrants and restricting freedom of speech, seen as a violation of rights.

Kentucky Resolution

Statements asserting states' rights to nullify federal laws deemed unconstitutional.

Republican Motherhood

The concept that women play an important role in educating future citizens.

Election of 1800

A contentious election that resulted in Thomas Jefferson's presidency and a shift in power.turning point in America because it demonstrated that power could be effectively transferred without violence from the other party. 

Marbury vs. Madison

A landmark case establishing the principle of judicial review in the United States.

Louisiana Purchase

The 1803 acquisition of territory from France that doubled the size of the United States.

Warhawks

Members of Congress advocating for war against Britain in the lead-up to the War of 1812. Were strongly anti-British and favored increasing territory, power, and influence

Battle of New Orleans

A significant American victory in 1815 that occurred after the formal end of the War of 1812.

Tecumseh

A Native American leader who sought to organize resistance against American expansion.

Hartford Convention

A meeting of Federalists discussing grievances during the War of 1812, which damaged their party.

Monroe Doctrine

A U.S. policy opposing European colonialism in the Americas, asserting American influence.

Transportation Revolution

A period of rapid growth in transportation infrastructure, including roads and railroads.

Eli Whitney

The inventor of the cotton gin, which revolutionized the cotton industry in the South. unintentionally increased the slave population

Market Revolution

A period of economic transformation characterized by market-oriented production.

Universal Manhood Suffrage

The right of all adult men to vote, regardless of property ownership or tax status.

The Tariff of Abominations

A controversial tariff in 1828 that raised duties and angered the Southern states.

The Corrupt Bargain

The alleged deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to influence the 1824 election.

Spoils System

The practice of rewarding political allies with government positions and contracts.

Force Act

A law allowing the president to use military force to enforce federal laws during the Nullification Crisis.

Panic of 1819

A financial crisis marked by bank failures and economic recession after the War of 1812.

Nullification

The idea that states can invalidate federal laws they deem unconstitutional.

South Carolina Exposition

A document authored by John C. Calhoun protesting the Tariff of Abominations.

Pet Banks

State banks selected to receive federal funds during the Jackson administration.

Species Circular

An executive order requiring payment for government land in gold or silver.

Panic of 1837

A financial crisis triggered by bank failures and economic instability.

Whigs

A political party formed in the 1830s opposing the Democrats and advocating for modernization.

Democrats

A political party that emerged from Jeffersonian Republicans, focusing on agrarian interests.

Cherokee Assimilation

The process by which the Cherokee adapted to American customs to avoid removal.

John Marshall

Chief Justice who established the principles of American constitutional law and federal power.

Trail of Tears

The forced removal of the Cherokee Nation from their homeland, resulting in thousands of deaths.

Wage Slavery

The condition of having to work excessively low wages for survival, likened to slavery.

Slave Codes

Laws governing the behavior and rights of enslaved individuals in the Southern states.

Paternalism

A social philosophy justifying slavery by claiming a fatherly obligation to care for slaves.

Fictive Kin

The social ties formed among enslaved individuals that mimic familial bonds.

Nat Turner

An enslaved man who led a significant slave rebellion in Virginia in 1831.

Southern Nationalism

The ideology promoting Southern identity and integrity during sectional conflicts.

Internal Slave Trade

The trade of enslaved people within the United States, as external slave imports dwindled.

Second Great Awakening

A Protestant revival movement that emphasized individual piety and social reform.

Moral Reform

Attempts to improve societal morals through activism in areas like alcohol consumption.

Magdalene Societies

Organizations aimed at rehabilitating women involved in prostitution.

Temperance Movement

A social movement advocating for the reduction or prohibition of alcohol consumption.

Maine Laws

Laws passed in Maine prohibiting alcohol to address social issues stemming from its use.

Social Reform

The effort to improve society through advocacy for changes in policies and perceptions.

Horace Mann

An education reformer who promoted universal public education and improved schooling.

Dorothea Dix

A reformer who campaigned for improved conditions in mental institutions.

Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet

An educator who established schools for the deaf in the United States.

Samuel Gridley Howe

An advocate for the education of the blind and establishment of institutions for them.

Radical Reform

A movement pushing for comprehensive societal changes, often in a short period.

American Colonization Society

An organization aimed at resettling free blacks in Africa, particularly Liberia.

Liberia

A West African country founded by the American Colonization Society for free blacks.

William Lloyd Garrison

An abolitionist and founder of the 'Liberator' newspaper advocating for immediate emancipation.

Liberator

An abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison advocating for the end of slavery.

Liberty Party

A political party that emerged in the 1840s advocating for the abolition of slavery.

Underground Railroad

A secret network aiding enslaved people in their escape to free territories.

Seneca Falls Convention

The first women's rights convention, held in 1848, showcasing the fight for gender equality.

Declaration of Sentiments

A document expressing the rights women should have, modeled after the Declaration of Independence.

Shakers

A religious sect known for their communal living and innovative practices in arts and crafts.

Oneida Community

A radical utopian community founded in the 19th century known for communal living and complex marriages.

Zebulon Pike

An explorer known for his expeditions in the American Southwest and the Rocky Mountains.

Mountain Men

Frontier individuals who lived by trapping and trading in the early 19th century.

Joseph Smith

The founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormonism).

Brigham Young

The second leader of the Mormon Church who led followers to Utah.

Oregon Trail

A major route used by settlers traveling westward to Oregon in the mid-19th century.

Santa Fe Trail

A trade route connecting Missouri to Santa Fe established in the early 19th century.

Stephen F. Austin

An American empresario who led the first colonization of Texas by bringing 300 families.

Santa Ana

The Mexican general who led troops against Texan rebels in the Texas Revolution.

Battle of the Alamo

A pivotal battle in the Texas Revolution where Texan defenders were overcome by Mexican forces.

Goliad

The site of a massacre of Texan forces by Mexican troops during the Texas Revolution.

San Jacinto

The site of the decisive battle in the Texas Revolution where Texan forces defeated Santa Ana.

Missouri Compromise

An agreement in 1820 to maintain the balance between slave and free states.

Tallmadge Amendment

A proposal to gradually emancipate enslaved individuals in Missouri.

Marcus and Narcissa Whitman

Missionaries who played a significant role in settling the Oregon Territory.

Manifest Destiny

The 19th-century belief that the expansion of the U.S. throughout the American continents was justified.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

The treaty that ended the Mexican-American War and ceded vast territories to the U.S.

Wilmot Proviso

A proposal to ban slavery in territories acquired from Mexico.

Free Soil Party

A political party that opposed the expansion of slavery into western territories.

49ers

Gold seekers who flocked to California during the Gold Rush of 1849.

Compromise of 1850

A package of laws aimed at resolving sectional conflict over slavery.

Higher Law

A principle arguing that moral law or divine law supersedes human law, particularly in slavery.

Personal Liberty Laws

Laws enacted by Northern states to counteract the Fugitive Slave Law.

Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

A law that mandated the return of escaped enslaved people to their owners.