Unit 4 APUSH part 1

John Marshall's Supreme Court (1801-1835)

Expanded federal power and enforced decisions like Marbury v. Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland, strengthening the national government.

Marbury vs Madison (1803)

Established judicial review, allowing the Supreme Court to invalidate laws as unconstitutional, reinforcing checks and balances.

Tariff of 1816

First protective tariff in U.S. history, shielding American manufacturers from British competition post War of 1812, promoting domestic industry.

War Hawks (1811-1812)

Pro-war congressmen advocating for war with Britain to defend U.S. honor and facilitate American expansion, led by Clay and Calhoun.

McCullough vs Maryland (1819)

Ruled states couldn't tax federal institutions like the Second Bank of the U.S., reinforcing federal supremacy and broad constitutional interpretation.

Sectionalism (Early 1800s)

Growing divide between North, South, and West due to differing economic interests, escalating tensions and threatening national unity.

First Two Party System (1790s-1820s)

Rivalry between Federalists (Hamilton, strong federal government) and Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson, states' rights), shaping early political structure.

Embargo Act (1807)

Jefferson's law banning American exports due to British and French ship interference, severely impacting the economy, especially New England.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

U.S. bought Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling nation's size, controlling Mississippi River, and fueling westward expansion.

Tecumseh (1811-1813)

Shawnee chief forming Native American confederacy against U.S. expansion, defeated in War of 1812.

War of 1812 (1812-1815)

Conflict between U.S. and Britain over trade restrictions and sailor impressment, ending in a stalemate but boosting U.S. nationalism.

American System (1820s)

Henry Clay's plan promoting national bank, protective tariffs, and federal funding for internal improvements to unify the nation.

Henry Clay (Early 1800s)

Key political figure behind the Missouri Compromise, American System, and uniting the nation through compromise.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Foreign policy by President Monroe warning European nations against Americas interference, asserting U.S. influence in Western Hemisphere.