Studied by 28 peopleEmpiricism
The idea that what we know comes from experience, and observation/experimentation enables scientific knowledge.
Structuralism
to identify what the mind and consciousness were (understanding elements of the structure of the mind.) through introspection
Functionalism
how mental and behavioral processes function (understanding the WHY). to identify how the mind and consciousness worked.
Experimental Psychology
Applying experimental methods to psychology
uses scientific methods to study human behavior and mental processes through controlled experiments.
Behaviorism
Studying how people act and behave in a scientific way; watch and write down how people's actions change as they are taught
Humanistic Psychology
our ability to develop and grow as individuals. Looks at self-potential.
Cognitive Neuroscience
Blending (cognitive psychology) with (neuroscience) to understand things like seeing, thinking, memory, and language.
Psychology
Science of behavior and mental processes
Nature/ Nurture issue
Do our human characteristics come from our genes, or do they form because of what we go through?
Natural Selection
Traits that give an organism an advantage in surviving and reproducing are more likely to survive.
Levels of Analysis
biological, cognitive, sociocultural
Biopsychosocial Approach
An approach thats considers biology, thoughts and feelings, and social-cultural viewpoints.
Behavioral Psychology (Biopsychosocial)
Scientific examination of actions we can see, and understand through learning rules. (figure out what situations make people react angrily or act aggressively.)
Biological Psychology (Biopsychosocial)
Explores the connections between biology (genes, nerves, hormones) and thoughts/feelings. (the brain pathways responsible for red ears)
Psychodynamic Psychology (Biopsychosocial)
how hidden desires and internal struggles impact behavior, using this insight for therapy. (*Could show an emotional outburst as a way to release hidden anger.)
Social-cultural Psychology (Biopsychosocial)
Explores how surroundings and cultures impact how we act and think. (how displays of happiness differ in different cultural settings.)
Cognitive Psychology
The scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Evolutionary Psychology
Using the principles of natural selection studying the evolution of behavior and the mind
Psychometrics
Concerned with numerical methods of measuring psychological variables by creating valid and reliable tests.
Basic Research
True/pure science that seeks to increase the scientific knowledge base. (biological, developmental, educational, personality, social)
Applied Research
Wanting to solve practical/real-world issues/ problems. (counseling, clinical, psychiatrists)
Developmental Psychology
The study of how humans grow, change, and develop across their lifespan. It examines changes from infancy to old age.
Educational Psychology
Studies theoretical issues related to how people learn and effective teaching practices.
Personality Psychology
Personality Examines our stable personality traits and factors that influence temperament. Develop methods of personality assessment.
Social Psychology
Studies the impact of society on individuals and how a person’s life and behavior is shaped by interactions with others.
Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology
Concerned with psychological issues related to the work environment; employee motivation and selection.
Human Factors Psychology
Use psychological knowledge to increase efficiency between humans and machines.
Counseling Psychology
Practitioner that works with people coping with everyday problems, including making career decisions, marriage counseling, and social skills training.
Clinical Psychology
Practitioner that works with the diagnosis, causes, and treatment of mental disorders.
Psychiatry
Psychiatry is a medical field that deals with mental disorders. It involves diagnosing, treating, and preventing these disorders.
Positive Psychology
The study of human flourishing, seeking to uncover and improve strengths and virtues that contribute to individual and community thriving.
Community Psychology
Develops and presents programs to help maintain mental health and the relationship between individuals and their community. Prevent/System issue
Testing Effect
You will have better memory when retrieving rather than rereading.
SQ3R
Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review.
Hindsight bias
Tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, that this knowledge was already known
Coincidence Error
Mistakenly thinking a random sequence of events has a pattern
Overconfidence
tendency to think we know more than what we actually know
Random event
People find a random world unsettling so we look for order and patterns
Confrimation Bias
The tendency to favor info that confirms to our beleifs and is difficult to change when affirmed
Theory
Explains certain events through organized observations and ideas
Operational Definitions
A carefully worded statement of the exact procedure used in a research study
Replication
Repeating the original observations with different participants, materials circumstances to see if the basic finding can be reproduced
Test theories by:
Descriptive
Correlation
Experimental
Case study
Examines one individual or group in depth to reveal thing s applicable to all of us
Naturalistic observation
Descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations w/o trying to control the situation or be manipulative
The survey
Looks at many cases in less depth asking people to report their behavior or opinions
Sampling Bias
Generalize from a few but unrepersentative cases
Population
The whole group you want to study and describe
Random Sample
fairly represents a sample because each member has an equal chance at inclusion
Meta Analysis
Comparing Data from numerous studies on the same topic to generalize a hypothesis based ona a large sample
Longtiudinal Time
Studies the same individual or group of them over a length of time to examine changes in the devolopment of behaviors relates to growth and aging
Correlate
A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together and how well either factor predicts the other
Correlational coefficinet
Scatter Plot
Perfect Positive correlation
Perfect negative correlation
No correlation
Correlation coefficient
Illusory correlation
Perceiving a relationship when none exisits or a stringer than actual relationship
Random Assignment
Assigning people to groups by chance, minimizing the differences between the two different groups
Regression toward the mean
Tendency for extreme or unusual events to fall back toward the average, when behavior returns to normal it is usually regression towards the mean is at work.
Double Blind procedure
Neither the participant nor the administrator will know which group is receiving the treatment
Placebo
Just thinking you are getting a treatment can boost your spirits and relieve your body of symptoms
Confouding variables
Factors other than the ones being studied that might influence the studies result.
Informed consent
Telling participants enough of the study to let them choose to participate or not
Debrief
Post experimental explanation of the study including descriptions and deceptions
Descrptive Statistics
Mean
Average ( add scores and / by # of scores)
Median
middle score
mode
most often apaearing number in data set
range
differnece between highest and lowest #
Standard Deviation
Computed measure of how much scores vary arounnd the mean score
Inferential Stats
Data that lets one generalize
Statistical Significance
Statmemnt of how likely it is that a result occured by chance. Typically reported by P value
Generalizabilty
Surverying ever tenth student in the yearbook
Wilhelm Wundt
Father of modern psychology, established first psychology laboratory in 1879 at the University of Leipzig, Germany. Focused on studying conscious experience through introspection. Pioneered structuralism as a psychological approach. (STRUCTURALISM)
Stanley Hall
Stanley hall established the first U.S. psychology laboratory at Johns Hopkins University: in 1883
worked with Wundt and help founded the APA American Psychological Association).
Edward Titchener
Psychologist who founded structuralism, a school of psychology that focused on analyzing the structure of the mind through introspection.
William James
ather of American psychology. Pioneered functionalism, focused on practical psychology. Studied consciousness, free will, and emotions. Wrote "The Principles of Psychology."
Mary Wilton Calkins
Denied Ph.D. from Harvard First APA female president (1905)
Margaret Floy Washburn
First female psychology Ph.D. Wrote The Animal Mind Second APA female president (1921
Sigmund Freud
Created the psychoanalytic approach
John B. Watson
Psychologist who founded behaviorism. Believed all behaviors are learned through conditioning. Famous for "Little Albert" experiment, demonstrating fear can be conditioned.
B.F. Skinner
Behaviorist psychologists emphasizes the role of consequences in shaping behavior. Skinner introduced the concept of reinforcement and punishment to modify behavior. He believed that behavior is influenced by the environment
Carl Rogers
Psychologist known for his humanistic approach to therapy, emphasizing empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness.
Ivan Pavlov
(physiologist) = pioneer of the study of learning
behaviorist
Jean Piaget
Swiss psychologist known for his theory of cognitive development. most influential observer of children (development)
Charles Darwin
Darwin, scientist who proposed evolution through natural selection. Book "On the Origin of Species" published in 1859, revolutionized biology and challenged religion. Theory explains species adapting to environment, leading to diversity of life on Earth.
Dorothea Dix
American social reformer and activist during the 19th century. She advocated for improved conditions and treatment of the mentally ill in the United States. Dix's efforts led to the establishment of numerous mental asylums and the reform of existing institutions.
Note
Flashcard