Medicine In Britain

me- medieval england, r- renaissance, i- industrial, m- modern

What caused disease in medieval england

* supernatural
* god
* miasma
* four humours

how did the church influence medieval englands thoughts

people were very religious and followed the teachings of the catholic church

what did the church control in medieval england

education

who created the theory of the four humours

hippocrates

what type of theory was the four humours

rational (logical)

what were the four humours

* blood
* phlegm
* black bile
* yellow bile

what happened if the humours were unbalanced

illness

what did galen believe about the four humours

that they could be balanced using the theory of the opposites

did the church support galens idea in medieval england

yes

were the ideas of the hippocrates and galen popular in medieval medicine

yes

what was the miasma theory

that illness was spread through bad air, that god had poisoned the air

how did people in medieval england try to prevent disease via religious actions

* dont sin
* attending church services
* prayer
* pilgrimage
* fasting
* flagellation

what was pilgrimage

a journey which has religious significance

what was flagellation

someone who would whip themselves to show god they are sorry for their sins

how did people in medieval england purify the air

* carrying posies
* lighting fires
* ringing bells
* allowing birds to fly around houses

how did late medieval towns try to keep streets clean

* employing rakers
* punishing people who threw waste on the floor
* building public latrines
* making butchers dispose of their waste outside city walls

whats a public latrines

public toilets, so the waste can be taken away by the river

how did people treat disease in medieval england

* blood letting
* purging
* laxatives
* balancing the four humours using the theory of the opposites

what were barber surgeons

they would carry out basic surgery: eg bloodletting, sewing up wounds and removing growths

how did barber surgeons learn their skills

* experience
* books

what were wise women

the use of remedies to help the wounded, usually wives at home

what were the comment treatments made of (medieval england)

* herbs
* minerals
* plants
* animal parts

whats an apothecary

mixed ingredients to form herbal treatments

how did apothecaries learn how to mix these treatments

from other apothecaries

who run the hospitals in medieval england

the churches

role of the hospitals in medieval england

care for the sick via prayer and providing an environment for rest and recovery

who were patients cared for in medieval england

monks or nuns

were hospitals hygienic

they were kept clean, ensuring bedding was changed and washed regularly

what are physicians

diagnose a patients illness and recommend treatment after a close observation, very expensive and highly trained

how long did physicians have to spend at uni for a minimum

7 years

who would the rich see to treat their illnesses (medieval england)

physicians

who would the poor see to treat their illnesses (medieval england)

* wise women
* barber surgeons

when was the black death

1348-49

symptoms of the black death

* buboes in armpit or groin
* chest pains
* fever

what caused the black death

* miasma
* imbalance of four humours
* punishment from god
* earthquakes
* alignments of planets

treatments of the black death

* confession of sin
* prayer
* smelling strong herbs
* lighting fires
* bloodletting
* purging

how did individuals attempt to prevent the spread of the black death

* confession
* prayer
* fasting
* carrying posies
* herbs

how did authorities attempt to prevent the spread of the black death

* quarantine laws
* strangers werent allowed to enter the village
* stopped cleaning streets
* large crowd events were banned
* huge burial sites were created

how long did people have to be quarantined in medieval england (black death)

40 days

why did the authorities stop cleaning streets (black death)

believed the smells from the waste would drive away any bad air

causes of disease in the renaissance period

* four humours
* miasma

what were the new medical discoveries (renaissance)

* microscopes
* factors outside the human body (eg temp)
* tiny animals
* printing press

what was a result of the printing press

books could be printed, books were easier to create

impact of the printing press on medical development

scientist could share information easily without having to write out copies, new ideas could spread faster

when was the printing press invented

15th century

what did the printing press mean for the church

the church no longer had control over it, no control over medical education

when was the royal society founded

1660

role of the royal society

* support scientists in carrying out experiments
* debating new ideas
* sharing new discoveries

how did the royal society impact medical development

helping scientists allowed for further investigations and trial and errors for the future of medicine, it allowed for more ideas to be spread and for people to gather and talk about medicine

what did Vesalius improve understand on

anatomy

who did vesalius challenge

galen

what was no longer banned due to the decreasing power of the church

dissection

what did vesalius promote

dissection

what discoveries did Vesalius make

* the human jaw has one bone, not two
* the human breastbone has three parts, not seven
* blood does not flow into the heart through invisible holes

what book did vesalius create, when

the fabric of the human body, 1543

what was vesalius’ book used for

to train physicians across europe

what were doctors encouraged to do (renaissance)

carry out dissections and carefully observe the body

what did sydenham encourage physicians to do

move away from the classical ideas of galen and the hippocrates towards the new scientific ideas of observation

what did sydenham encourage

* observe patients carefully
* record a description of their symptoms
* prescribe remedies

what did sydenham differentiate

scarlet fever and measles were different

what was sydenhams book, when

medical observation, 1676

how did the training of physicians change

it took a more scientific approach, encouraging observation and experimentation, dissection and the use of microscopes was encouraged and taught

who cared for the sick in the renaissance period

* doctors
* apothecracy
* wise women

what was the reformation

the religious revolution that led to the establishment of protestant churches, which led to the close of monasteries (Henry VIII)

who closed the monasteries

what did hospitals provide in the renaissance period

food and warmth instead of medical cures

treatments of illnesses in the renaissance period

* bloodletting
* purging
* herbal remedies
* superstition
* religious beliefs

who did people believe cured disease if you touched them in the renaissance period

the king/queen

what was harvey interested in

* anatomy
* blood

what theory of vesalius did harvey prove

that the veins of the body contained valves

what scientific experiments did harvey carry out

* dissecting human corpses and carefully observing the heart
* dissecting cold blooded animals
* measuring blood flow to show that the blood is pumped repeatably around the body

what was harveys book, when

an anatomical account of the motion of the heart and blood, 1628

what did harvey discover

that the heart acts as a pump, moving blood around the body

why didnt people believe harvey

couldnt fully explain about the circulation of the blood, or prove it

how did microscopes prove harveys theory

discovered tiny blood vessels that carry blood from the arteries to the veins (capillaries)

when was the great death

1665

what caused the great death

* god
* miasma
* rotten waste
* person to person

treatments for the great death

* prayer for the suck
* magical or religious charms
* herbal remedies
* bloodletting
* purging

preventions for the great death

* strong smelling herbs and flowers
* posies
* chew tobacco
* isolation

what did the government do to prevent the spread of the great plague

* quarantine
* barrels of tar and bonfires were lit in the streets to clean the air
* animals were banned inside the city
* large crowd events were banned

how long were victims and their families quarantined for in the great plague

40 days

what were banned from entering the city

animals

how did the great plague eventually die out

the great fire of london 1666

how many people died of the great plague in london

75,000 (15% of the population)

how many people died of the black death in london

100,000 (25% of the population)

what changes took place in Britain in the industrial revolution

* people moved to more urban centres
* most people were employed in factories
* cities became the main source of population

when did the church lose their dominant influence

1750

causes of disease in the industrial period

* miasma
* bacteria
* germs
* contact

what theory was becoming less believable

miasma

what was the theory of spontaneous generation

decaying matter created microbes

what did improvement in microscopes mean for the industrial period

scientists could see microbes

what did pasteurs experiment bring greater understanding of

fermentation

whats pasteurisation

heating a liquid to a certain temperature, which would kill the bacteria and stop the liquid from going bad

what was pasteurs germ theory

that germs and microbes/bacteria was the cause of diseases

when did pasteur publish his germ theory

1861

did people believe pasteur straight away, why

no, most people believed spontaneous generation theory

who did pasteur influence

joseph lister

what did koch achieve

link specific microbes to specific diseases

what disease did koch find the bacteria that caused it in 1876

anthrax

what disease did koch find the bacteria that caused it in 1882

tuberculosis