Studied by 16 people
What caused disease in medieval england
supernatural
god
miasma
four humours
how did the church influence medieval englands thoughts
people were very religious and followed the teachings of the catholic church
what did the church control in medieval england
education
who created the theory of the four humours
hippocrates
what type of theory was the four humours
rational (logical)
what were the four humours
blood
phlegm
black bile
yellow bile
what happened if the humours were unbalanced
illness
what did galen believe about the four humours
that they could be balanced using the theory of the opposites
did the church support galens idea in medieval england
yes
were the ideas of the hippocrates and galen popular in medieval medicine
yes
what was the miasma theory
that illness was spread through bad air, that god had poisoned the air
how did people in medieval england try to prevent disease via religious actions
dont sin
attending church services
prayer
pilgrimage
fasting
flagellation
what was pilgrimage
a journey which has religious significance
what was flagellation
someone who would whip themselves to show god they are sorry for their sins
how did people in medieval england purify the air
carrying posies
lighting fires
ringing bells
allowing birds to fly around houses
how did late medieval towns try to keep streets clean
employing rakers
punishing people who threw waste on the floor
building public latrines
making butchers dispose of their waste outside city walls
whats a public latrines
public toilets, so the waste can be taken away by the river
how did people treat disease in medieval england
blood letting
purging
laxatives
balancing the four humours using the theory of the opposites
what were barber surgeons
they would carry out basic surgery: eg bloodletting, sewing up wounds and removing growths
how did barber surgeons learn their skills
experience
books
what were wise women
the use of remedies to help the wounded, usually wives at home
what were the comment treatments made of (medieval england)
herbs
minerals
plants
animal parts
whats an apothecary
mixed ingredients to form herbal treatments
how did apothecaries learn how to mix these treatments
from other apothecaries
who run the hospitals in medieval england
the churches
role of the hospitals in medieval england
care for the sick via prayer and providing an environment for rest and recovery
who were patients cared for in medieval england
monks or nuns
were hospitals hygienic
they were kept clean, ensuring bedding was changed and washed regularly
what are physicians
diagnose a patients illness and recommend treatment after a close observation, very expensive and highly trained
how long did physicians have to spend at uni for a minimum
7 years
who would the rich see to treat their illnesses (medieval england)
physicians
who would the poor see to treat their illnesses (medieval england)
wise women
barber surgeons
when was the black death
1348-49
symptoms of the black death
buboes in armpit or groin
chest pains
fever
what caused the black death
miasma
imbalance of four humours
punishment from god
earthquakes
alignments of planets
treatments of the black death
confession of sin
prayer
smelling strong herbs
lighting fires
bloodletting
purging
how did individuals attempt to prevent the spread of the black death
confession
prayer
fasting
carrying posies
herbs
how did authorities attempt to prevent the spread of the black death
quarantine laws
strangers werent allowed to enter the village
stopped cleaning streets
large crowd events were banned
huge burial sites were created
how long did people have to be quarantined in medieval england (black death)
40 days
why did the authorities stop cleaning streets (black death)
believed the smells from the waste would drive away any bad air
causes of disease in the renaissance period
four humours
miasma
what were the new medical discoveries (renaissance)
microscopes
factors outside the human body (eg temp)
tiny animals
printing press
what was a result of the printing press
books could be printed, books were easier to create
impact of the printing press on medical development
scientist could share information easily without having to write out copies, new ideas could spread faster
when was the printing press invented
15th century
what did the printing press mean for the church
the church no longer had control over it, no control over medical education
when was the royal society founded
1660
role of the royal society
support scientists in carrying out experiments
debating new ideas
sharing new discoveries
how did the royal society impact medical development
helping scientists allowed for further investigations and trial and errors for the future of medicine, it allowed for more ideas to be spread and for people to gather and talk about medicine
what did Vesalius improve understand on
anatomy
who did vesalius challenge
galen
what was no longer banned due to the decreasing power of the church
dissection
what did vesalius promote
dissection
what discoveries did Vesalius make
the human jaw has one bone, not two
the human breastbone has three parts, not seven
blood does not flow into the heart through invisible holes
what book did vesalius create, when
the fabric of the human body, 1543
what was vesalius’ book used for
to train physicians across europe
what were doctors encouraged to do (renaissance)
carry out dissections and carefully observe the body
what did sydenham encourage physicians to do
move away from the classical ideas of galen and the hippocrates towards the new scientific ideas of observation
what did sydenham encourage
observe patients carefully
record a description of their symptoms
prescribe remedies
what did sydenham differentiate
scarlet fever and measles were different
what was sydenhams book, when
medical observation, 1676
how did the training of physicians change
it took a more scientific approach, encouraging observation and experimentation, dissection and the use of microscopes was encouraged and taught
who cared for the sick in the renaissance period
doctors
apothecracy
wise women
what was the reformation
the religious revolution that led to the establishment of protestant churches, which led to the close of monasteries (Henry VIII)
who closed the monasteries
what did hospitals provide in the renaissance period
food and warmth instead of medical cures
treatments of illnesses in the renaissance period
bloodletting
purging
herbal remedies
superstition
religious beliefs
who did people believe cured disease if you touched them in the renaissance period
the king/queen
what was harvey interested in
anatomy
blood
what theory of vesalius did harvey prove
that the veins of the body contained valves
what scientific experiments did harvey carry out
dissecting human corpses and carefully observing the heart
dissecting cold blooded animals
measuring blood flow to show that the blood is pumped repeatably around the body
what was harveys book, when
an anatomical account of the motion of the heart and blood, 1628
what did harvey discover
that the heart acts as a pump, moving blood around the body
why didnt people believe harvey
couldnt fully explain about the circulation of the blood, or prove it
how did microscopes prove harveys theory
discovered tiny blood vessels that carry blood from the arteries to the veins (capillaries)
when was the great death
1665
what caused the great death
god
miasma
rotten waste
person to person
treatments for the great death
prayer for the suck
magical or religious charms
herbal remedies
bloodletting
purging
preventions for the great death
strong smelling herbs and flowers
posies
chew tobacco
isolation
what did the government do to prevent the spread of the great plague
quarantine
barrels of tar and bonfires were lit in the streets to clean the air
animals were banned inside the city
large crowd events were banned
how long were victims and their families quarantined for in the great plague
40 days
what were banned from entering the city
animals
how did the great plague eventually die out
the great fire of london 1666
how many people died of the great plague in london
75,000 (15% of the population)
how many people died of the black death in london
100,000 (25% of the population)
what changes took place in Britain in the industrial revolution
people moved to more urban centres
most people were employed in factories
cities became the main source of population
when did the church lose their dominant influence
1750
causes of disease in the industrial period
miasma
bacteria
germs
contact
what theory was becoming less believable
miasma
what was the theory of spontaneous generation
decaying matter created microbes
what did improvement in microscopes mean for the industrial period
scientists could see microbes
what did pasteurs experiment bring greater understanding of
fermentation
whats pasteurisation
heating a liquid to a certain temperature, which would kill the bacteria and stop the liquid from going bad
what was pasteurs germ theory
that germs and microbes/bacteria was the cause of diseases
when did pasteur publish his germ theory
1861
did people believe pasteur straight away, why
no, most people believed spontaneous generation theory
who did pasteur influence
joseph lister
what did koch achieve
link specific microbes to specific diseases
what disease did koch find the bacteria that caused it in 1876
anthrax
what disease did koch find the bacteria that caused it in 1882
tuberculosis
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