AP Psych unit 5

health psychology

the subfield of psychology concerned with ways psychological factors influence the causes and treatment of physical illness and the maintenance of health

psychoneuroiummunology

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

health psychology

the subfield of psychology concerned with ways psychological factors influence the causes and treatment of physical illness and the maintenance of health

psychoneuroiummunology

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

Tend-andbefriend response

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

Catharsis

the process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions.

problem-focused coping

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.

emotion-focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to needs related to one's stress reaction

external locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.

internal locus of control

the perception that you control your own fate

positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

subjective well-being

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life.

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

adaptation-level phenomenon

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

relative deprivation

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

6 core virtues of positive psychology

courage, justice, humanity, temperance, wisdom, transcendence

diathesis-stress model

suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress/environment

biopsychosocial approach

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

DSM-5

a widely used manual for classifying psychological disorders.

social anxiety disorder

intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such

agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

generalized anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

panic disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

anxiety disorders

disorders in which the main symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness

psychodynamic approach

An approach to psychology emphasizing unconscious thought, the conflict between biological drives and society's demands, and early childhood family experiences.

Cognitive Approach

An approach to psychology emphasizing the mental processes involved in knowing: how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems.

behavioral approach

An approach to psychology emphasizing the scientific study of observable conditioned responses and their environmental determinants.

humanistic approach

An approach to psychology emphasizing a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny.

Evolutionary Approach

An approach to psychology centered on evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors.

Socio-cultural approach

the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking

biological psychology

a branch of psychology that studies the links between neuroscience, genetics, and psychological processes

Taijin Kyofusho

a form of social anxiety common in Japan involving a fear of offending or embarrassing others with one's odor, eye contact, or appearance.

compulsion

an unreasonable need to behave in a certain way to prevent a feared outcome

obsession

A persistent, unwanted thought or idea that keeps recurring

acrophobia

fear of heights

aracnophobia

fear of spiders

major depressive disorder

A mood disorder in which a person experiences two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

persistent depressive disorder

depressive disorder characterized by a chronically sad and melancholy mood

Bipolar II Disorder

a disorder characterized by alternating periods of extremely depressed and hypomania

Hypomania

A mild manic state in which the individual seems infectiously merry, extremely talkative, charming, and tireless.

mania

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

Bipolar I

Mania that alternates with episodes of major depression

Bipolar risk genetic risk also predicts

Creativity

Schizophrenia

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

Hallucinations

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

Delusion of Grandeur

an exaggerated belief about one's importance, wealth, power, or talents

Delusion of persecution

a false belief that one is being mistreated, abused, or harassed

catatonia

a state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and inability to communicate

Flat effect (schizophrenia)

A severe reduction in emotional expressiveness

positive symptoms

Schizophrenic symptoms that involve behavioral excesses or peculiarities, such as hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, and wild flights of ideas.

Negative Symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia that are marked by deficits in functioning, such as apathy, lack of emotion, and slowed speech and movement

Cluster A

odd, eccentric

Cluster B

dramatic, emotional, erratic

Cluster C

anxious, fearful

paranoid personality disorder

type of personality disorder characterized by extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others (cluster A)

schizoid personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion (Cluster A)

schizotypal personality disorder

Person has several traits that causes interpersonal problems, including inappropriate affect, paranoid/magical thinking, off beliefs (Cluster A)

antisocial personality disorder

A pattern of disregarding and violating the rights of others that includes such problems as deceitfulness, impulsivity, aggressive behavior, recklessness, lack of conscience, irresponsibility, viewing others as prey (Cluster B)

narcissistic personality disorder

characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of success or power, and a need for constant attention or admiration (Cluster B)

borderline personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by lack of stability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion; impulsivity; angry outbursts; intense fear of abandonment; recurring suicidal gestures (Cluster B)

Historionic Personality Disorder

characterized by extreme emotionality and attention seeking (Cluster B)

avoidant personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation. (Cluster C)

dependent personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by helplessness; excessive need to be taken care of; submissive and clinging behavior; difficulty in making decisions (Cluster C)

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by preoccupation with orderliness, perfection, and control (Cluster C)

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

dissociative identity disorder

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.

dissociative amnesia

Dissociative disorder characterized by the sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature.

Fugue State

no concept of self/can take on a whole new identity/life

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A disorder characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills that are often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behavior.

specific learning disorder

a marked deficit in a particular area of learning that is not caused by an apparent physical disability, or by an unusually stressful home environment

Tic Disorders

sudden, repetitive, nonrhythmic motor movements or sounds such as eye blinking, facial grimacing, throat clearing, and grunting

Ethical Principles of Treatment

Nonmaleficence, Fidelity, Integrity, Respect for Rights

free association

a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing (Psychodynamic Treatment)

insight therapy

a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses (humanistic)

counterconditioning

a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

exposure therapy (systematic desensitization)

a method of gradually exposing people to the object of their fear

aversive conditioning

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn something of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange that item for various privileges or treats

Biofeedback

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

cognitive restructuring

a therapeutic approach that teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs

cognitive behavioral therapy

psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia

cognitive triad

The three forms of negative thinking lead people to feel depressed. The triad consists of a negative view of one's experiences, oneself, and the future.

Agonist

a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response

Antagonist

a chemical or drug that binds to receptors in the brain and prevents an agonist from having a reaction

SSRIs

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Lesioning

removal or destruction of part of the brain

TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)

the use of strong magnets to briefly interrupt normal brain activity as a way to study brain regions

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

Lobotomy

A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.