Ch 16-17

Alfred Dreyfus

(1859-1935) French Jewish artillery officer and a victim of violent antisemitism in France; convicted on charges of treason in 1894 based on false evidence; divided France as no other issue since the Paris commune

Claude Monet

(1840-1926) One of the leading French artist to transform painting in later sculpture through his use of white and color to represent modern life

Cubism

A radical new departure in early 20th century western art whose name was first coin to describe the paintings of Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque

ego

One of the three entities in Sigmund Freud‘s model of the internal organization of the human mind; mediates between the id and the super ego and allows the personality to cope with the internal and external demands of its existence

Friedrich Nietzshe

(1844-1900) German philosopher, who drew on the romantic tradition to question the adequacy of rationalism to address the human situation

Houston Stewart Cham

British Bourne philosopher who champion the concept of biological determinism, but we believe that their genetics the human race could be improved, and even that a superior race could be developed

id

One of the three entities in Sigmund Freud’s model of the internal organization of the human mind; consists of the amoral, irrational instincts for self gratification

Kulturkamph

Meaning the “battle for culture. “The conflict between the Roman Catholic Church and the government of the German empire in the 1870s.

Max Planck

German theoretical physicist, who was the first scientist, articulate the quantum theory of energy

Max Webber

German sociologist who sold the advent of rationalism, as shown in the rise of both scientific knowledge and bureaucratic organization, as the major advance of the human history

modernism

The movement in the arts and literature in the late 19th century in early 20th century to create new aesthetic forms into elevate, the aesthetic experience of a work of art above the attempt to portray reality as accurately as possible

natural

The theory originating with Darwin that organisms evolved through a struggle for existence in which those that have marginal advantage live long enough to propagate their kind

papal infallibility

The doctrine that the pope is infallible when pronouncing officially in his capacity as head of the church on matters of faith and morals in enumerated by the first Vatican council in 1870

Positivism

The philosophy of Augustus Comte, that science is the final or positive stage of human intellectual development because it involves exact descriptions of phenomena without recourse to unobservable operative principles, such as gods or spirits

post impressionism

A term used to describe European painting that followed impressionism applies to several arts, all of which some extent derived from impressionism or reaction to impressionism

racism

The pseudo scientific theory that biological features of race, determine human character and worth

realist

The style of art and literature, that depicts the physical world and human life with scientific objectivity and detached observation

social Darwinism

The application of Darwin’s concept of quotes the survival of the fittest” to relate evolution in nature to human social relationships

Super ego

One of the three entities in Sigmund Freud’s model of the internal organization of the human mind; and bodies the external morality imposed on the personality by society

Zionist

The movement to create a Jewish state in Palestine ( the biblical Zion )

apartheid

An official policy of segregation, assignment of peoples distinct regions, and other forms of social political and economic discrimination based on race associated primarily with South Africa

Boers

afrikaners, as the descendants of the Dutch in South Africa were known, who undertook the great treck during the 1830s and 1840s, moving north and east of the Cape; founded three states outside British control, two of which remained independent republics

boxer rebellion

(1899-1901) The attempt by a Chinese group, the righteous and the harmonious society of fist, better known as the boxers, to resist western incursions

Charles X

(r. 1824-1830) French king who launched a military expedition against Algiers

civilizing Mission

The concept that Western nations could bring advanced science and economic development to non-western parts of the world that justified imperial administration

concentration camps

camps first established by Great Britain and South Africa during the Boer war to incarcerate noncombatant civilians; later, camps established forpolitical prisoners and other person seemed dangerous to the state in the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany term now primarily associated with the camps established by the Nazis during the holocaust

Government of India act

1858 the British response to the mutiny within the Indian army, which transferred authority from the east India company to the British Crown

Great trek

The migration by boer (Dutch) farmers during the 1830s and 1840s from regions around Cape Town into the eastern and northeastern regions of South Africa that ultimately resulted in the founding of the Orange Free State and Transvaal

gunboat diplomacy

The projection of western force through steam power, which enabled warships to penetrate the inland, rivers and shallow coastal waters of Africa in Asia

Imperialism

The extension of a nations authority over other nations or areas through conquest or political, economic, hegemony

imperialism of free trade

The advance of European economic and political interest in the 19 century by demanding that non-European nations allow European nations, most particularly Great Britain, to introduce their manufactured goods freely into all nations to introduce other goods, such as opium into China, that allowed those nations to establish economic influence and determine the terms of trade

King Leopold II

(r. 1865-1909) The Belgian monarch determined to choir colleagues in the Congo, despite the lack of interest by his government

Monroe doctrine

1823 the policy of the United States that closed the Americas to European colonization

New imperialism

The extension in the late 19 century and early 20th century of western political and economic dominance to Asia, the Middle East, and Africa

Open door policy

1899 the policy of the United States designed to prevent formal annexation of Chinese territory to allow all nations to trade in China on equal terms

opium wars

1839 1842; 1856, 1860. A series of war waged by the British to impose a free trade in opium on China.

protectorates

non-western territories, administrated by western nations without formal conquest or annexation, usually de facto colonies

Queen Victoria

(r. 1837-1901) The British monarch who became empress of India in 1877 through an act of parliament

spheres of influence

Regions, cities, or territories were non-western nations Exercised, informal, administrative influence through economic, diplomatic, or military advisors

The Suez Canal

Opened in 1869, the canal that connected the Mediterranean to the Red Sea, so that ships from Europe, no longer have to sail around Africa to reach Asia