India History A Level - TOPIC 2 - Changing political relationships: 1920 - 1930

When was the Khilafat Movement founded?

1919

Who was the Muslim spiritual leader that caused the establishment of the Khilafat movement?

The Sultan of Turkey, whom many Muslims believed to be the caliph

What 1919 Peace treaty reduced the size of Turkey and removed the Sultan from power?

The Treaty of Serves

Why did Jinnah oppose Gandhi’s support for the Khilafat movement?

He believed it to be an opportunistic move from Gandhi and that it caused schism amongst Muslims

As Gandhi discarded western clothes what did he opt for instead and what was it?

An Indian dhoti which is a traditional men’s garment

Due to Gandhi’s peasant lifestyle he was able to appeal to the masses, what did this lead people to call him and what does it mean?

They called him Mahatma which means ‘the Great Soul’ and in India is a title bestowed on someone who is deeply revered for wisdom and virtue

What are the names of Nehru senior and junior?

Motilal and Jawaharlal

When did Gokhale die?

1915

When was the 25th Congress anual meeting and what was decided?

It was December 1920 and Gandhi convinced Congress to vote for a policy of non-cooperation with the Raj

List three more extreme acts of non-cooperation that Gandhi urged in 1920

To withhold taxes, remove their children from government schools, and boycott the law courts

List three more realistic acts of non-cooperation that Gandhi asked for in 1920

To refuse invitations to social events run by the Raj, refuse to buy imported goods, and boycott elections to the new legislative assemblies

What’s are some success from the non-cooperation movement of 1920-22

Students boycotted exams, taxes were unpaid, many qualified voters didn’t vote in the 1920 elections, around 200 lawyers stopped working, and during the 1921 Duke of Connaught visit to Calcutta

When was Gandhi imprisoned in the 1920s?

From 1922 to 1924

What was Gandhi charged with after the 1920-22 civil disobedience campaign?

Promoting disaffection with the legally established government

By how much did Congress membership rise by during the period of non-cooperation in very early 1920s?

It went from 100,000 to around two million by the end of 1921

What did Gandhi set up within the All-Indian Congress Committee after his release from prison, and what did it do?

The Congress Working Committee (CWC) and its job was to formulate policy, mimicking what a cabinet was to the government

Regarding his ‘back to the basics’ movement, what association did Gandhi set up after his release from prison in 1924?

The All-India Spinners’ Association

What campaigns did Gandhi get Congress to set up in the 1920s to help improve the quality of life for the peasants?

He got Congress to pursue campaigns of mass literacy and the improvement of village sanitation

Who where the three young hooligans?

Subhas Chandra Bose, Jayaprakash Narayan, and Jawaharlal Nehru

What did the young hooligans campaign for which was different/opposing to Congress?

They perceived Congress to be reluctant to actually confront the Raj, and completely rejected the idea of Dominion status that Congress had been trying to negotiate with the Raj - they wanted total independence

Define Dominion status

Self-governing countries that are still part of the British Empire and have the monarch as their head of state but have their own parliament

When was the All-Parties Conference?

1928

What made the Nehru Report significant in helping India progress to independence?

It was the first draft of a written constitution for India

Who was the Nehru report 1928 named after?

Motilal Nehru

What were the main points of the Nehru Report?

It suggested Dominion status on the same terms set for other self-governing countries such as Canada or Australia, it suggested the princely states and British India to be joined in a federation, and there would be no further devolution of power to the provinces

Why were most Muslims deeply unhappy with the Nehru Report 1928?

They would lose the protection of their separate electoral system

What did Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru suggest in the 1928 Congress meeting instead of agreeing to Dominion status?

That the British completely withdraw from India by December 31st 1929

What was decided in the Lahore Congress meeting in 1929?

That Gandhi would support the young hooligans and India’s new ask would be for purna swaraj meaning complete independence

What was launched as a result of the announcement of purna swaraj in Lahore 1929?

A non-violent civil disobedience campaign was launched

Why did Gandhi choose the salt tax to oppose for his satyagraha?

The salt tax brought in little revenue, it cost the average Indian about 1.5p a year, it was a commodity everyone needed, and it was an emotive issue

Where was the salt march to and how many miles was it?

It was to Dandi and covered around 240 miles

How many supporters did Gandhi originally chose to go with him on the salt march and how many ended up joining?

Gandhi chose 78 supporters from all different backgrounds, but 85,000 more people joined in the end

What was the aim of the salt march?

It aimed to go to the coast and use the tax-free salt which was illegal to do

How did the Raj respond to the salt satyagraha?

The Raj arrested and imprisoned hundreds of peasants, as well as Congress leaders such as Jawaharlal Nehru but most importantly Gandhi

What event caused the second phase of the salt satyagraha and what did it consist of?

It was caused by Gandhi’s arrest and consisted of Congress authorising provincial committees to organise their own satyagrahas

How did the Raj respond to the second phase of the salt satyagraha?

They arrested thousands of participants of the civil disobedience campaigns

How many people passed through India’s jails in 1930 due to the mass arrests that took place?

Around 60,000

What was the position of the Raj and Congress by the end of 1930?

They had reached a stalemate

INSERT MUSLIM LEAGUE INFO IN 1920s

Why was the review of the 1919 Government of India pushed forward from 1929 to 1927?

1929 was the year of the general election in Britain and the Conservative party was worried that if the Labour Party won the election Indian policies would veer to the left

How many members were apart of the Simon Commission and how many were Indian?

There were seven members and none were Indian

What was the message conveyed by the Simon Commission?

That the future of India was to be decided by British politicians and Indians were to take no part in the deciding of their own future

Which groups decided to support the Simon Commission?

Muslims from provinces where they were at a majority, as well as Sikhs, and Untouchables, as they hoped for a better future than that of under a Hindu-dominated Congress

When was the Irwin Declaration?

October 31st 1929

What did the Irwin Declaration state?

That the attainment of dominion status would be a natural progression of Indian self-governance and Indian representatives were invited to London to a Round Table Conference where the details of a new Indian constitution would be decided

What was Congress’s response to the Irwin Declaration?

The Congress Working Committee welcomed the announcement and called upon the British government to show their good faith by declaring amnesty for all Indian political prisoners

Why was it considered ‘political suicide’ for Congress to attend the London Round-Table Conference?

They would be forced to follow a British agenda and for Gandhi what was worse is that all Indian representatives were invited meaning it was harder for Congress to get what they want

When was the Gandhi-Irwin Pact

1931

What were the four terms of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact?

That Congress’s civil disobedience campaign was suspended, Gandhi agreed to attend the second London conference, 19,000 Congress supporters were released from jail, and confiscated property was returned to its owners