Biology I Unit 5: DNA Replication & Gene Expression

So each new cell has a copy of the DNA.

Why do chromosomes need to replicate?

The Central Dogma

From DNA, RNA is transcribed in the nucleus, and then moved to ribosomes in the cytoplasm for translation into protein.

DNA --> RNA --> Protein with structure that fits function

What is the pathway for the Central Dogma?

Semi-conservative

What pattern does DNA replication follow?

One new strand and one old strand.

What does DNA produce?

template

Each strand of DNA can act as __________________ for a new strand.

Hydrogen bonds

What is broken in between bases when the two DNA strands separate or unzip?

Duplicate

What must a cell do before it can divide?

Mitosis and meiosis

What are the two types of cell division?

Nucleus

Where does DNA replicate?

Free nucleotides

What binds to their base pairs on the single strand?

Enzymes

What is all of the work of DNA replication done by?

DNA Helicase

unzips DNA strands for reading

DNA Polymerase

adds matching base pairs, making the new strand

DNA Ligase

binds nucleotides together on new strand

Transcription

process of making RNA and DNA

In nucleus

Where does transcription happen?

RNA polymerase

What is the RNA strand made by?

Uracil (U)

The base pair for DNA is thymine, and the replacement base pair in RNA is what?

Translation

making proteins

Cytoplasm on the surface of the ribosomes

Where does translation happen?

Codon

a string of 3 nucleotides that specify one amino acid

AUG

What codon codes for the amino acid Methionine and signals the start of translation?

Introns

the "throw away" portion of instructions

Ribosomes join with the mRNA "throw away" portion of the instructions, introns.

What is the first step of translation?

Ribosomes "reads" the mRNA codons when it finds the codon AUG it knows it's time to start making the protein.

What is the second step of translation?

Exons

the portion that is read and coded for

Anticodon

sequences of nucleotides that are complementary to codons

A matching tRNA brings the appropriate amino acid.

What is third step of translation?

The ribosomes moves down the mRNA, continuously matching tRNAs and the mRNA, boding the amino acids together.

What is the fourth step of translation?

When it reaches the stop codon, everything is released and the chain of amino acids is a polypeptide.

What is the fifth step of translation?