Endocrinology (9.1-9.20)

Hormone

regulatory substance to stimulate specific cells or tissues

Endocrine

Enzyme or hormone that acts inside the body

Exocrine

enzyme or hormone that acts outside the body

Tropic Hormone

causes cell to secrete another hormone

trophic hormone

causes a direct effect on the cell

glucocorticoid

affects glucose level in blood

mineralocorticoid

affects the sodium and potassium levels in blood

diurnal variation

concentration varies throughout the day

steroid hormones

hydrophobic, derived from cholesterol, bound to carrier and bind to receptors in nucleus of cells

polypeptide hormones

formed by amino acids and have a short life, bind to membrane bound receptor and uses a second messenger for effect

positive feedback loop

signal tells the body to accentuate the process, blood clotting and birth

negative feedback loop

common pattern, signal changes in response to opposite direction, maintaining homeostasis, body temp

thyroid gland

butterfly shaped gland in the neck for hormone production

triiodothyronine T3

active tissue type, binds to receptors at a greater rate

thyroxine T4

inactive type to get secreted and convert to the other TH

TH metabolism

Hashimoto thyroiditis

primary hypothyroidism, TSH high, T4 and T3 low, anterior pituitary telling thyroid to produce more but thyroid isnt listening

pituitary adenoma

secondary hypothyroidism, everything low, pituitary problem

Graves’ disease

primary hyperthyroidism, TSH low T3 and T4 high, the problem is the gland and not anything upstream

non-thyroid illness THI

abnormally low T3 and T4 without an apparent problem in thyroid, generally other diseases present causes body to not secrete thyronine

Addison disease

adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism, adequate ACTH, but the adrenal glands dont secrete enough cortisol

cushing syndrome

primary hypercortisolism, adrenal glands autonomously hypersecrete cortisol and ACTH is low, pink/purple stretch marks

hypercortisolism

excess exposure to cortisol in tissues, muscle weakness, stretch marks, difficult memory

hypocortisolism

adrenal insufficiency, unintentional weight loss, poor appetite

conn disease

adrenal gland produces too much aldosterone, salt and fluid in kidneys lead to hypertension

pheocromocytoma

overproduces catecholamines, low rate of malignancy, found in adrenal medulla

neuroblastoma

malignant neuroplasm in neural crest tissue anywhere in body, half found in children less than 3 years old.

hypopituitarism

panhypopituitarism

ancillary factors

9.15 differentiate the tests for hypo/hyperthyroidism

9.16 differentiate the tests for adrenal testing

hormones used in testing for carcinoid tumor

hormones used in testing for infertility testing

parathyroid hormone anomalies

principles of immunoassays for hormone testing