final cult

Where are the Nacirema located

North America

Anthropology is the study of what it means to be human

true

What locations in the world are anthropologist interested in studying

everywhere

What are the four sub fields of anthropology

cultural, linguistic, archaeological, biological

the process by which an individual learns culture is called

enculturation.

we are born with our cultural beliefs and practices

false

we learn culture

both directly and indirectly

culture can be changed by humans

true

culture evolves from simple to complex

false

A method of research where the anthropologist observes while participating in the same activities in which their informants are engaged is called

participant observation.

what is the danger of the single story in anthropology

It can lead to stereotypes and misrepresentation, oversimplifying diverse cultures and experiences.

what was the term used in the past to describe people whose customs, beliefs, or behaviors were “different“ from one’s own

the other

believing that eating insects is disgusting and cultures that do are less civilized than a culture that does not eat insects is and example of

ethnocentrism

explain cultural relativism in your own words

Cultural relativism is the practice of understanding and evaluating a culture based on its own values and traditions, rather than judging it against the standards of another culture.

You are an anthropologist studying the political-administrative structure of Meredith College. You are interested in the current hierarchy of positions (president, dean, faculty, ect) and how power is wielded and navigated between these positions. What else would you need to explore if you were practicing a holistic approach to this topic

You would also need to investigate the social, economic, and cultural dimensions that influence the political-administrative structure, including student demographics, campus traditions, and external community relationships.

what else would you need to explore if you were practicing a comparative approach to this topic (meredith)

You would need to analyze how Meredith College's political-administrative structure compares to similar institutions, examining differences and similarities in governance, decision-making processes, and organizational culture.

fuentes argues that which type of systems allow us to live our lives

belief

what do anthropologist call an explanation for the origin or history of the world

cosmology

magic is a valid spiritual idea or belief

true

the concept of religion is not a universally recognized idea

true

what are the four elements of religion

Beliefs, rituals, morality, and community and cosmology

polytheistic religions believe in

several gods

rituals are not rational

true

what is a rite of passage

a ceremony marking an important transition in a person's life, such as birth, coming of age, marriage, or death. like the sunrise ceremony or a quinceañera

what is the difference between communal taboos and cultural taboos? give one example of each

Communal taboos are shared prohibitions within a specific group or community, while cultural taboos are broader, affecting a larger society. An example of a communal taboo could be a local restriction on discussing certain topics at gatherings, whereas a cultural taboo might involve the prohibition against certain foods in more extensive cultural contexts.

A material object believed to have supernatural power to benefit the person who has it is called a

fetish

what is the main reason that baseball players use rituals and taboos

to control chance and uncertainty

Confidentiality is when no one knows the identity of a research participant

false

Why would you NOT want to share a research participants identity? why would you want to share a research participants identity

Confidentiality protects participant privacy and encourages honest responses, while sharing could enhance transparency and credibility in research findings.

what is the field that focuses on improving people’s lives and addressing global challenges such as poverty and hunger

international development

What was the harmful traditional practice discussed in perspectives chapter 18

female genital mutilation (FGM)

An international organization is working in rural kentucky to help people impacted by recent historic flooding. Many people have lost their homes, and the organization decides that the best solution is to move these people to new homes in Ohio, where there is less future flooding risks. If you are thinking like an anthropologist, how would you respond to the organizations solution?

You would likely critique the solution by emphasizing the importance of understanding the cultural context, community needs, and long-term impacts on the residents rather than merely focusing on geographical relocation.

name one anthropological tool that is important for us to use to more deeply and fairly understand a situation like the one about kentucky

participant observation

gender is biocultural

true

Explain the essentialized idea of sex and gender

that sex is biologically determined while gender is a cultural construct shaped by societal norms and expectations.

all societies have a gender system

true

how do we know something is a cultural or social construct

We can determine if something is a cultural or social construct by examining its variability across different societies and historical contexts, as well as its dependence on social norms and practices rather than biological determinism.

In her article, Do muslim women really need saving?, Abu-Lughod argues that wester narratives often portray afghan women as

oppressed

Name two reasons Abu-Lughod discusses that afghan women may wear a veil

modesty/ respect and show education

Race is a biological reality

false

Race has real biological impacts

true

We can use biological variations to determine what race people belong to

false

Choose one of fuentes myths about race and explain how it can be debunked:

Myth 1: Human races are biological units

Myth 2: If race isnt a biological reality, then we must live in a post racial society

Myth3: If race is not biological, then it must not be that important in shaping peoples lives

Myth 4: If we see consistent differences, there must be real, biological differences between those groups

Myth 1 can be debunked by showing that while physical variations exist among populations, these differences do not correspond to discrete, fixed categories of race. Genetic studies demonstrate that the vast majority of human genetic diversity occurs within so-called racial groups rather than between them, indicating that race is more a social construct than a biological one.

What do anthropologist call the in-depth study of everyday practices and lives of people

ethnography

ethnographic methods can include informal conversations

true

The examples of educational institutes providing knowledge and preparing people to have jobs and contribute to society is and example of which anthropological theory

functionalism

What did Radcliffe-brown believe to be the most important social structure

family

One of the biggest critiques of functionalism was

it viewed cultures as stable

Who is widely regarded as the founder of american anthropology

Boas

The idea that human behaviors are socially learned, contextual, and flexible - not innate - is called

Cultural relativism

Who developed the idea that culture gives people coherent patterns for thinking and behaving

ruth benedict

Who discovered that the experiences of growing up, transitioning from a child to a teenager, were not universal and naturally occuring, but were influenced by culture

Margaret Mead

How did Zora Neale Hurston’s approach to anthropology differ from that of her contemporaries

She conducted immersive fieldwork in Black communities

Why did many academics dismiss Zora Neale Hurston’s work

Her writing blended storytelling with scholarship

The way human societies structure relationships is called

social organization

List the four modes of subsistence

Foraging, horticulture, pastoralism, and agriculture

Choose one of the four modes of subsistence and explain how food is obtained in that mode and what it tells us about societies that practice that mode

In horticulture, food is obtained through small-scale farming practices that involve the cultivation of crops in garden plots, often using simple tools. This mode indicates that societies are usually settled, have some degree of social organization, and can support a population through agriculture while often engaging in trade.

All societies practice a singular mode of subsistence

false

Foraging is still currently practiced by some societies

true

Explain how we know that the idea of “man the hunter, woman the gatherer” is incorrect

Anthropological research has shown that many hunter-gatherer societies have men and women sharing both hunting and gathering roles, contradicting the traditional gendered division of labor. Evidence suggests that women often contribute significantly to the food supply through gathering, which challenges the simplistic narrative of roles in these communities.

The Maasai’s cattle are primarily used for subsistence in the form of meat

false

surplus production of resources leads to

social inequality

list the four levels of political organization

band, tribe, chiefdom, state

What is the difference between an egalitarian society and a stratified society

An egalitarian society is one where all members have equal access to resources and power, while a stratified society has distinct social classes with unequal access to resources and privileges.

band-level societies lack formal leadership

true

tribe level societies have hierarchical leadership

false

taxation is a form of redistribution

true

kinship relationships through marriage are called

affinal relationships.

give examples of family status and its associated family role

Mother is the status and the role is caretaker of the kin

The Navajo kinship system is unique because it traces descent through

Clan

polygamy is bad

False

the system of marriage is based on love relationships

false