Ap Human Geography- Unit 2 key terms

Population distribution

is the pattern of human settlement the spread of people across the earth

Population density

is a measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer of a an area

Midlatitudes

the regions between 30 degrees and 60 degrees, north and south of the equator

Low-lying areas

Most people live in low-lying areas rather than high altitude areas such as mountains

Other factors

most people live near lakes or rivers

Social stratification

the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige

Arithmetic population

the most commonly used population density

Physiological population density

calculated by dividing population by the amount of arable land, or land suitable for growing crops

Agricultural population density

compares the number of farmers to the area of arable land

Redistricting

because urban area are continuing to increase in population and the population of rural area is shrinking these boundary adjustments

Infrastructure

refers to the facilities and structures that allows people to carry out their typical activities

Overpopulation

having more people than it can support is partially dependent on it population distribution and density

Carry capacity

the number of people a region can support without damaging the environment

The Influence of Time

The carrying capacity of a region can change over time

Influence on Cities

cities could be built on land with low carrying capacity, such as where the soil is not ideal for farming

Significance of Density

In addition to agriculture many other aspects of the environment are affected as population density increases

Population Pyramid

one of the most useful tools to study population is the age sex composition graph

Birth deficit

this slowdown of births

Baby boom

the birth rate spikes

Baby bust

birth rates lower for a number of years

Potential workforce

people ages 15-64

Dependent workforce

people under the age 15 and over 64

Dependency ratio

the comparison between the size of these two groups

Crude birth rate (CBR)

is the number of live births per year for each 1,000 people

Total fertility rate (TFR)

is the average number of children who would be born per woman of that group in a country

Life expectancy

the average number of years people live

Sewer Systems

one of the most important advances in reducing mortality was the creation fo sewer systems

Water and Waste Systems

people also learned that boiling water before they used it could prevent transmission of waterborne illnesses

Vaccines

today efforts by the United Nations, national governments and private organizations to vaccines against other serious diseases such as polio, tuberculosis, and rabies

Antibiotics

while vaccines helped prevent people from getting ill antibiotics helped cure people who had bacterial infections

Better Medical Care

improved medical procedures have also extended life expectancy

Crude death rate (CDR)

of an area are measured per 1.000 population

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

the percentage at which a countrys population is growing or declining without the impact of migration

Population Doubling Time

can be estimated using an equation known as the rule of 70 (some people use rule of 72)

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

shows five typical stages of population change that countries experience as they modernize

Demographic moment

this process occurs because even though fertility rates have declined people are living longer and this results in population continuing to grow for another 20-40 years

Epidemiological Transition model

this model is an extension of the demographic transition model and explains that changing death rates and more common causes of death within societies

Malthusian Theory

geographers and other social scientists have debated the usefulness of Mathuss ideas about population growth

Boserup Theory

suggested that the more people there are, the more hands there are to work, rather than just more mouths to feed

Neo-Malthusians

there are those who still accept his fundamental premise as correct today,

Gender preference

chinese culture has long preferred male children over females, so the one child policy contributed to an unbalanced gender ratio

Pronatalist policies

designed to increase the fertility rate

Demographic balancing equation

includes both immigrants and emigration when predicting future population

Dependent population

because they are considered too young or too old to work full time

Migration

is the permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another

Voluntary migration

most people who move do so in search of a better life

Migration Transition Model

Geographers such as Wilbur Zelinsky saw a connection between Zelinskys theory

Intervening Obstacles

barriers that make reaching their desired destination more difficult

Intervening opportunities

migrants may also encounter opportunities en route that disrupt their original migration plan

Short Distances

most migrants travel only a short distance

Urban Areas

migrants traveling long distances usually settle in large urban areas

Gravity model of migration

the model assumes that the size and distance between two cities or countries will influence the amount of interactions that include migration, travel, and economic activity

Multiple steps

most migration occurs through step migration a process in which migrates reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves

Rural to urban

most migration in history has been from rural agricultural areas to urban city areas

Counter migration

each migration flow products a movement in the opposite direction

Return migration

immigrants moving back to their former home

Youth

most immigrants are younger adults, between ages 20 and 45

Gender Patterns

most international migrants are young males,  while more internal migrants are females

Forced Migration

migration that is involuntary meaning migrants have no choice but to move

Internally displaced person (IDP)

if these migrants move to another part of the same country they are called

Refugees

if they cross international borders

Asylum

is protection granted by one country to an immigrant from another country who has legitimate fear of harm or death if he or she returns

Internal migration

is used to describe movement that occurs within a country

Transnational migration

is when people move from one country to another or internationally rather than internally

Chain migration

explains many patterns of migration and helps migrates transition into the receiving country

Guest workers

are also transnational migrants who relocate to a new country to provide labor that isn't available locally

Transhumance

the process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during different seasons

Homestead Act

a program in which the U.S government gave land to settlers willing to stay and farm it for five years

Current Immigration Policies

today many governments regulate the flow of workers into their country

Guest worker policies

these regulate the number of workers who can temporarily enter each country to work in specific industries for a defined amount of time

Family reunification

policies that allow migrants to sponsor family members who migrate to the country

Xenophobia

a strong dislike of people of another culture

Benefits of Migration

 since immigrants generally move from poorer regions to wealthier areas they often can afford to make remittances money sent to their family and friends in the country they left

Cost of migration

Migrations can also have negative effects on the places people are leaving

Brain drain

when migrantation out of country is made up of many highly skilled people

Ethnic enclaves

or neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same enthnic group such as Little Italy or Chinatown add to cultural richness of countries in which they develop