Studied by 24 people
Population distribution
is the pattern of human settlement the spread of people across the earth
Population density
is a measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer of a an area
Midlatitudes
the regions between 30 degrees and 60 degrees, north and south of the equator
Low-lying areas
Most people live in low-lying areas rather than high altitude areas such as mountains
Other factors
most people live near lakes or rivers
Social stratification
the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige
Arithmetic population
the most commonly used population density
Physiological population density
calculated by dividing population by the amount of arable land, or land suitable for growing crops
Agricultural population density
compares the number of farmers to the area of arable land
Redistricting
because urban area are continuing to increase in population and the population of rural area is shrinking these boundary adjustments
Infrastructure
refers to the facilities and structures that allows people to carry out their typical activities
Overpopulation
having more people than it can support is partially dependent on it population distribution and density
Carry capacity
the number of people a region can support without damaging the environment
The Influence of Time
The carrying capacity of a region can change over time
Influence on Cities
cities could be built on land with low carrying capacity, such as where the soil is not ideal for farming
Significance of Density
In addition to agriculture many other aspects of the environment are affected as population density increases
Population Pyramid
one of the most useful tools to study population is the age sex composition graph
Birth deficit
this slowdown of births
Baby boom
the birth rate spikes
Baby bust
birth rates lower for a number of years
Potential workforce
people ages 15-64
Dependent workforce
people under the age 15 and over 64
Dependency ratio
the comparison between the size of these two groups
Crude birth rate (CBR)
is the number of live births per year for each 1,000 people
Total fertility rate (TFR)
is the average number of children who would be born per woman of that group in a country
Life expectancy
the average number of years people live
Sewer Systems
one of the most important advances in reducing mortality was the creation fo sewer systems
Water and Waste Systems
people also learned that boiling water before they used it could prevent transmission of waterborne illnesses
Vaccines
today efforts by the United Nations, national governments and private organizations to vaccines against other serious diseases such as polio, tuberculosis, and rabies
Antibiotics
while vaccines helped prevent people from getting ill antibiotics helped cure people who had bacterial infections
Better Medical Care
improved medical procedures have also extended life expectancy
Crude death rate (CDR)
of an area are measured per 1.000 population
Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)
the percentage at which a countrys population is growing or declining without the impact of migration
Population Doubling Time
can be estimated using an equation known as the rule of 70 (some people use rule of 72)
Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
shows five typical stages of population change that countries experience as they modernize
Demographic moment
this process occurs because even though fertility rates have declined people are living longer and this results in population continuing to grow for another 20-40 years
Epidemiological Transition model
this model is an extension of the demographic transition model and explains that changing death rates and more common causes of death within societies
Malthusian Theory
geographers and other social scientists have debated the usefulness of Mathuss ideas about population growth
Boserup Theory
suggested that the more people there are, the more hands there are to work, rather than just more mouths to feed
Neo-Malthusians
there are those who still accept his fundamental premise as correct today,
Gender preference
chinese culture has long preferred male children over females, so the one child policy contributed to an unbalanced gender ratio
Pronatalist policies
designed to increase the fertility rate
Demographic balancing equation
includes both immigrants and emigration when predicting future population
Dependent population
because they are considered too young or too old to work full time
Migration
is the permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another
Voluntary migration
most people who move do so in search of a better life
Migration Transition Model
Geographers such as Wilbur Zelinsky saw a connection between Zelinskys theory
Intervening Obstacles
barriers that make reaching their desired destination more difficult
Intervening opportunities
migrants may also encounter opportunities en route that disrupt their original migration plan
Short Distances
most migrants travel only a short distance
Urban Areas
migrants traveling long distances usually settle in large urban areas
Gravity model of migration
the model assumes that the size and distance between two cities or countries will influence the amount of interactions that include migration, travel, and economic activity
Multiple steps
most migration occurs through step migration a process in which migrates reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves
Rural to urban
most migration in history has been from rural agricultural areas to urban city areas
Counter migration
each migration flow products a movement in the opposite direction
Return migration
immigrants moving back to their former home
Youth
most immigrants are younger adults, between ages 20 and 45
Gender Patterns
most international migrants are young males, while more internal migrants are females
Forced Migration
migration that is involuntary meaning migrants have no choice but to move
Internally displaced person (IDP)
if these migrants move to another part of the same country they are called
Refugees
if they cross international borders
Asylum
is protection granted by one country to an immigrant from another country who has legitimate fear of harm or death if he or she returns
Internal migration
is used to describe movement that occurs within a country
Transnational migration
is when people move from one country to another or internationally rather than internally
Chain migration
explains many patterns of migration and helps migrates transition into the receiving country
Guest workers
are also transnational migrants who relocate to a new country to provide labor that isn't available locally
Transhumance
the process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during different seasons
Homestead Act
a program in which the U.S government gave land to settlers willing to stay and farm it for five years
Current Immigration Policies
today many governments regulate the flow of workers into their country
Guest worker policies
these regulate the number of workers who can temporarily enter each country to work in specific industries for a defined amount of time
Family reunification
policies that allow migrants to sponsor family members who migrate to the country
Xenophobia
a strong dislike of people of another culture
Benefits of Migration
since immigrants generally move from poorer regions to wealthier areas they often can afford to make remittances money sent to their family and friends in the country they left
Cost of migration
Migrations can also have negative effects on the places people are leaving
Brain drain
when migrantation out of country is made up of many highly skilled people
Ethnic enclaves
or neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same enthnic group such as Little Italy or Chinatown add to cultural richness of countries in which they develop
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