Ap Human Geography- Unit 2 key terms

Population distribution - is the pattern of human settlement the spread of people across the earth

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Population density - is a measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer of a an area

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Midlatitudes - the regions between 30 degrees and 60 degrees, north and south of the equator

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Low-lying areas - Most people live in low-lying areas rather than high altitude areas such as mountains

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Other factors - most people live near lakes or rivers

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Social stratification - the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige

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Arithmetic population - the most commonly used population density

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Physiological population density - calculated by dividing population by the amount of arable land, or land suitable for growing crops

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Agricultural population density - compares the number of farmers to the area of arable land

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Redistricting - because urban area are continuing to increase in population and the population of rural area is shrinking these boundary adjustments

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Infrastructure - refers to the facilities and structures that allows people to carry out their typical activities

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Overpopulation - having more people than it can support is partially dependent on it population distribution and density

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Carry capacity - the number of people a region can support without damaging the environment

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The Influence of Time - The carrying capacity of a region can change over time

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Influence on Cities - cities could be built on land with low carrying capacity, such as where the soil is not ideal for farming

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Significance of Density - In addition to agriculture many other aspects of the environment are affected as population density increases

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Population Pyramid - one of the most useful tools to study population is the age sex composition graph

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Birth deficit - this slowdown of births

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Baby boom - the birth rate spikes

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Baby bust - birth rates lower for a number of years

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Potential workforce - people ages 15-64

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Dependent workforce - people under the age 15 and over 64

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Dependency ratio - the comparison between the size of these two groups

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Demographic balancing equation - future population = Current population + (number of births - umber of deaths) + (number of immigrants - number of emigrants)

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Crude birth rate (CBR) - is the number of live births per year for each 1,000 people

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Total fertility rate (TFR) - is the average number of children who would be born per woman of that group in a country

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Life expectancy - the average number of years people live

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Sewer Systems - one of the most important advances in reducing mortality was the creation fo sewer systems

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Water and Waste Systems - people also learned that boiling water before they used it could prevent transmission of waterborne illnesses

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Vaccines - today efforts by the United Nations, national governments and private organizations to vaccines against other serious diseases such as polio, tuberculosis, and rabies

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Antibiotics - while vaccines helped prevent people from getting ill antibiotics helped cure people who had bacterial infections

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Better Medical Care - improved medical procedures have also extended life expectancy

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Crude death rate (CDR) - of an area are measured per 1.000 population

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Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) - the percentage at which a country’s population is growing or declining without the impact of migration

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Population Doubling Time - can be estimated using an equation known as the rule of 70 (some people use rule of 72)

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Demographic Transition Model (DTM) - shows five typical stages of population change that countries experience as they modernize

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Demographic moment - this process occurs because even though fertility rates have declined people are living longer and this results in population continuing to grow for another 20-40 years

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Epidemiological Transition model - this model is an extension of the demographic transition model and explains that changing death rates and more common causes of death within societies

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Malthusian Theory - geographers and other social scientists have debated the usefulness of Mathus’s ideas about population growth

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Boserup Theory - suggested that the more people there are, the more hands there are to work, rather than just more mouths to feed

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Neo-Malthusians - there are those who still accept his fundamental premise as correct today,

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Gender preference - chinese culture has long preferred male children over females, so the one child policy contributed to an unbalanced gender ratio

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Pronatalist policies - designed to increase the fertility rate

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Demographic balancing equation - includes both immigrants and emigration when predicting future population

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Dependent population - because they are considered too young or too old to work full time

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Migration - is the permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another

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Voluntary migration - most people who move do so in search of a better life

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Migration Transition Model - Geographers such as Wilbur Zelinsky saw a connection between Zelinsky’s theory

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Intervening Obstacles - barriers that make reaching their desired destination more difficult

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Intervening opportunities - migrants may also encounter opportunities en route that disrupt their original migration plan

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Short Distances - most migrants travel only a short distance. The further apart two places are, the less likely it is that people will migrant between those places also called distance decay

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Urban Areas - migrants traveling long distances usually settle in large urban areas

Gravity model of migration - the model assumes that the size and distance between two cities or countries will influence the amount of interactions that include migration, travel, and economic activity

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Multiple steps - most migration occurs through step migration a process in which migrates reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves

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Rural to urban - most migration in history has been from rural agricultural areas to urban city areas

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Counter migration - each migration flow products a movement in the opposite direction

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Return migration - immigrants moving back to their former home

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Youth - most immigrants are younger adults, between ages 20 and 45

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Gender Patterns - most international migrants are young males,  while more internal migrants are females

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Forced Migration - migration that is involuntary meaning migrants have no choice but to move

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Internally displaced person (IDP) - if these migrants move to another part of the same country they are called

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Refugees - if they cross international borders

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Asylum - is protection granted by one country to an immigrant from another country who has legitimate fear of harm or death if he or she returns

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Internal migration - is used to describe movement that occurs within a country

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Transnational migration - is when people move from one country to another or internationally rather than internally

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Chain migration - explains many patterns of migration and helps migrates transition into the receiving country

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Guest workers - are also transnational migrants who relocate to a new country to provide labor that isn't available locally

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Transhumance - the process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during different seasons

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Homestead Act - a program in which the U.S government gave land to settlers willing to stay and farm it for five years

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Current Immigration Policies - today many governments regulate the flow of workers into their country

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Guest worker policies - these regulate the number of workers who can temporarily enter each country to work in specific industries for a defined amount of time

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Family reunification - policies that allow migrants to sponsor family members who migrate to the country

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Xenophobia - a strong dislike of people of another culture

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Benefits of Migration -  since immigrants generally move from poorer regions to wealthier areas they often can afford to make remittances money sent to their family and friends in the country they left

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Cost of migration - Migrations can also have negative effects on the places people are leaving

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Brain drain - when migrantation out of country is made up of many highly skilled people

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Ethnic enclaves - or neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same enthnic group such as Little Italy or Chinatown add to cultural richness of countries in which they develop

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