Chapter 18: Age of the City

What did the census reveal in 1920?

majority of people lived in “urban” areas

What expanded the urban population so dramatically?

domestic migration and immigration from abroad

What was happening in the late 19th century?

Americans left the declining agricultural regions of the East at a dramatic rate

Where did the greatest number of migrants come from?

Europe

What were the “old-stock” Americans?

newcomers and their off-springs

What did old-stock immigrants tend to arrive with?

at least some money and education

Where did most immigrants processed through?

major port cites on Atlantic coast. - -New York (Castle Garden)

Where did NEW immigrants process through?

Ellis Island after 1892

What did immigrant communities form to help with the adjustment of city life?

ghettoes

What nationality dominated New York and Boston?

the Irish

What nationality dominated Milwaukee?

Germans

What is prejudice toward immigrants called?

xenophobia or nativism

What organization did Henry Bowers find to help stop immigration?

American Protective Association

What did 5 Harvard Alumni start to initiate literacy test and standards to separate desirable/undesirable immigrants?

Immigration Restrictive League

What immigrants did Congress exclude in 1882?

Chinese

What two cities were planned from the beginning?

Washington and Philadelphia

What was among the most important urban innovations of mid 19th century?

great city parks

Who created New York Central Park?

Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux

What was Central Park from the start?

one of the most popular public spaces in the world

What museum was the largest and best known in late 19th century?

New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art

Who funded the creation of thousands of libraries across the country?

Andrew Carnegie

Who were behind the creation of great buildings?

wealthy residents

What was the city beautiful movement?

Led by architect Daniel Burnham, the movement sought to impose order and symmetry on the disordered life of American cities

What was at the center of the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago?

“Great White City”

What neighborhood did Chicago create after wiping marshy lands?

Back Bay

What was the most notable annexation ?

New York’s of Brooklyn

What was one of the greatest urban problems?

housing for thousands of new residents

What were tenements?

By the late nineteenth century, this was a descriptor used for slum dwellings

Who was Jacob Riis?

New York newspaper photographer who wrote *How the Other Half Lives,* which used photos and words to expose the harshness of tenement life

What did New York do in 1870?

opened its first elevated railway

Who opened the first electric trolley line in 1888?

Richmond, Virginia

Who opened up the first American Subway in 1897?

Boston

What was one of the great technological marvels in 1880s?

completion of Brooklyn Bridge in NY

What happened in 1884?

Chicago built the first modern skyscraper

What helped make much taller buildings possible?

passeneger elevator

What helped produce serious hazards?

increasing urban congestion and absence of adequate public services

What did Chicago and Boston suffer from in 1871?

great fires

What was connected to epidemic diseases?

improper sewage disposal and water contamination

What occurred in Memphis, Tennessee?

yellow fever epidemic

What was the organization created in 1912; goal was to prevent occupational diseases and create common health standards?

Public Health Service

What was created in 1970?

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)

What did the Salvation Army concentrate more on?

religious revivalism

What narcotics were available and legal?

cocaine and opium

What was the principal source of assistant for new immigrants and residents in a struggle?

political machine

Who was William M. Tweed?

The famously corrupt boss of New York’s political machine Tammany Hall.

What happened between 1890 and 1910?

salaries rose a third for “white collar” workers

what was consumerism?

An increased focus on purchasing goods for personal use; the protection or promotion of consumer interests

what development and mass production led to the new industry involving packaging and selling canned food in 1880s?

tin cans

What helped perishable foods be able to be transported long distances without spoling?

refrigerated railroad cars

Who started a national network of grocery stores in 1870s?

Atlantic and Pacific Tea Co (A&P)

Who established an enormous catalog each year to merchandise?

Sears and Roebuck

Who built a chain of dry goods stores?

F. W. Woolworth

In larger cities, what help make shopping more glamorous?

great department stores

Who created one of the first American department stores in Chicago?

Marshall Field’s

What did the consumer economy produce employment wise for women?

salesclerk and waitresses

What was the National Consumers League (NCL)?

Formed in the 1890s under the leadership of Florence Kelley; the goal was to force retailers and manufacturers to improve wages and working conditions - - “white label” = fair working conditions

What was closely related to the rise of consumption?

growing interest in leisure time

What was a similar game to baseball derived from cricket?

“rounders”

What was the first salaried baseball team in 1869?

Cincinnati Red Stockings

When was the first modern world series played?

1903

Who did football appeal to?

elite segments of male population

Who played in the first intercollegiate football game in the U.S. in 1869?

Princeton and Rutgers

When and where was basketball invented?

1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts by Dr. James A. Naismith

What is vaudeville?

form of theater adapted from French models; the most popular urban entertainment into the first decades of the twentieth century - open to black performers

What became cheaply bound and widely circulated after the Civil War?

dime novels

What was Coney Island?

The famous and popular amusement park located on a Brooklyn beach

What was the greatest attractions in Coney Island that opened in 1903?

Luna Park

What did American journalism help develop?

professional identity

Who was William Randolph Hearst**?**

The most powerful U.S. newspaper chain owner; by 1914, he controlled nine newspapers and two magazines

What was the most important new technology for communications?

telephone

Who demonstrated the telephone first in 1876?

Alexander Bell

Where was the first “switchboard” opened in 1878?

New Haven, Connecticut

Who did the bell system hire?

young white women as operators

What was one of the strongest impulses in American literature?

effort to recreate urban social reality

Who wrote in 1893 *Maggie: A Girl of the Streets*?

Stephen Crane

Who was Kate Chopin?

A southern writer who explored the oppressive features of traditional marriage; known for her shocking novel *The Awakening*

Who was the first Western American artist to introduce Asian themes?

James McNeil

What was the Ashcan school?

Art movement whose members produced work startling in its naturalism and stark in its portrayal of the social realities of the era

What was the Armory Show?

An event in New York City that displayed works of the French postimpressionists and of some American modern artists; supported by the Ashcan artists - -1913

What was one of the profound intellectual developments in the late 19th century?

theory of evolution - - natural selection

What was Darwinism?

The argument that the human species had evolved from earlier forms of life through a process of “natural selection.”

What helped influence social sciences after Darwin?

scientific inquiry and secularism

Who was William James?

Harvard psychologist and most prominent publicist of pragmatism.

What was a primary black college?

Hampton Institute

What led to 69 “land-grant” institutions?

Morrill Land Grant Act

What were the land-grant institutions specifically mandated for?

agriculture and mechanics

What was the nation’s premier engineering school in 1865?

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

What could lab tests finally identify infection wise?

typhoid and dysentery

When was aspirin first synthesized?

1899

Who was the first physcian to use blood transfusion in a treatment in 1906?

G. W. Crile

What private universities began to admit women?

Cornell and Wesleyan

What college started out as “seminary” for women in 1836?

Mount Holyoke