Motivation

Drive

internal forces that PUSHES to do something

incentive

external object, event, or context that PULLS to do something

Stimulus - stimulus associations

(bar → food)

stimulus - response

(see the bar → press the bar)

Response - Reinforce

(press the bar → get the food)

Humoral Doctrine

motivations are constrained by temporal variables

reflex theory

looking at something as it passes

sEr = sHr X D

the excitatory potential of a stimulus to elicit a response (sEr) = the habit strength of that

response (sHr) X the intensity of the drive state (D).

This theory does not work (rats wheel running estrous cycle)

B.F. Skinner Behaviorism

behavior is determined by its consequences (no internal mechanisms)

Also not true

operant

changes the environment or your response to the environment

Respondent

behaviors elicited by reflexive or conditioned stimuli

Fixed ratio reinforcement

reinforcement after a fixed number of responses (not resistant to extinction)

Variable ratio reinforcement

reinforcement after unpredictable number of responses (gambling)

Fixed interval reinforcement

First response is reinforced after set time (not resistant to extinction

Variable interval reinforcement

reinforced after unpredictable amount of time has passed (high resistance to extinction)

Dethier

1. internal state governs response to external stimuli

2. motivation is internal and external

3. consequences of behavior change internal state (rewire brain)

Teitelbaum’s operant addendum

if an animal can work for something, it really wants it

Alan Epstein

internal, external, and learning factors drive goal-directed behaviors

The Crepsi Effect

More than expected is good, less than expected is bad

Bindra

animals will work for things they do not need

Central Motivational State (CMS)

encourages responses for the initiation of behavior

Toates’ system theory

sensory stimuli, internal factors, memories drive behavior

McFarland’s Isoclines

PULL is highest when drive state is high

Intrinsic Motivation

do things because they feel good (reinforcement does not need to be extrinsic)