Ruminant Digestion

Pigs have a ___ stomach

monogastric

Cecum

start of large intestine

What does cecum break down?

fiber

Steps of rumen digestion

esophagus, rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, large intestine

Rumen

store & digest fiber and cellulose

What does the rumen produce?

vitamins & fatty acids

Reticulum

sorts food by what is digested good and what goes back up to be re-chewed

Omasum

absorb

Abomasum

Digestion

Monogastric herbivores examples

horse, rabbit, guinea pigs

Monogastric herbivores hae an extensive ___ and functional ____

colon, cecum

Why do monogastric herbivores have an extensive colon and functional cecum?

ferment a large amount of plant material

____ break down cellulose

microorganisms

Volatile fatty acids are ___, ___, and used as ___

produced, absorbed, energy

What are volatile fatty acids?

energy

What does the large intestine produce?

b-complex vitamins, bacterial protein

The cecum is ___ ___ to rumen due to ____

less advantageous, location

Why is the cecum less of advantage to rumen?

location, good nutrient content already removed prior, less absorption

Cecum has ___ ___ material to work with vs rumen

lower quality

What mechanism was adapted to resolve issues?

cecotrophy

What is cecotrophy?

animals eat their own feces

Animals produce 2 kinds of fecal pellets, what are they?

hard, soft

Hard fecal pellets

waste, true fecal matter

Animals eat ___ feces

soft

Why do animals eat soft feces?

to receive nutrients produced in cecum

From the soft feces, what will be absorbed and where will it be absorbed?

proteins, vitamins, colatile fatty acids, upper GI tract

If animals didn’t eat soft feces, they would become ____ and deficient in __ ___ & ___

malnourished, b vitamins, protein

What is the main function of the complex stomach?

allow animal to use forage/roughage (cellulose) as energy

The rumen is filled very quickly because rumen animals…

chew fast

The more ___ in feed, the longer the animal will take to ___

fiber, ruminate

Rumination is when now mouthful is chewed, its reswallowed and sent back to ___ & travels to the ___

rumen, reticulum

___ collects smaller, heavier food particles & sends to ___

Reticulum, omasum

Larger food particles are sent back to ___ for chewing

mouth

What is the purpose of rumination?

break down more, allow enzymes to get in food to break down

What are the Ruminant forestomachs?

rumen, reticulum, omasum

___ & ___ are housed in the first 3 compartments to ferment feed

bacteria, protozoa

What does fermentation produce?

nutrients, heat, greenhouse gases

What does bacteria digest?

carbs

What are carbs?

cellulose, starch, simple sugars

What does digestion produce?

fatty acids, proteins, vitamins

Bacteria produce ___ as they live and repro

protein

Bacteria can convert ___ _____ into ___ ___

nonprotein nitrogen, bacterial protein

Bacteria pass out of forestomachs and are digested by ___ & ___

abomasum & small intestine

When bacteria is digested by abomasum & SI, what do they provide?

50% crude protein

Bacteria also contains what?

energy, vitamin K, water soluble vitamins

What vitamins are not synthesized?

a, e, d

Fatty acids produce what % of energy?

50-70

Bacterial cells produce what % of energy?

5-10

Feed produce what % of energy?

20-30

Forestomachs are ___-___, so they don’t sector HCl, mucus, enzymes

non-glandular

Rumen functions

anaerobic bacterial fermentation, food storage

Reticulum functions

collects & sorts, collect hardware

Obasum functions

absorb water, electrolytes, fatty acids, reduce particle size before enter abomasum

The ___ contracts to push out gas

rumen

Process of belching

gas goes out esophagus, re-rout down to lungs, exhales gas with CO2

Why do animals belch?

muffle sounds, defense mechanism

The ___ is a true stomach that is ____

abomasum, glandular

Define glandular

glands secrete HCl, mucus, enzymes

Define non-glandular

has no glands, don’t secrete HCl, mucus, enzymes

What happens in the abomasum?

chemical & mechanical digestion

Chemical digestion

secrete HCl, mucus, enzymes

Mechanical digestion

peristalsis

Abomasum appearance

folds/wrinkles to increase surface area

Pros of ruminant digestion

cellulose fermentation = increase nutrients and use of feed, increase feed value

Cons of ruminant digestion

require energy, waste energy & time, fermentation is acidic, bloating

If microbial fermentation occurred in monogastric animals, most ____ would be lose in feces

nutrients