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Major Excretory Organ
Kidneys
Kidneys Regulate Blood Volume and Pressure
By producing varying volumes of urine
Kidneys Regulate Ions
Glucose, Na+, Cl��, K+, Ca2+, and HPO4
Kidneys Regulate Extracellular Fluid pH
By secreting H+
Kidneys Secrete Erythropoietin
To regulate red blood cell synthesis
Kidneys Contribute to Vitamin D Synthesis
By regulating calcium levels
Kidney Shape
Bean-shaped
Kidney Location
Behind the peritoneum
Structure Surrounding Kidneys
Renal capsule
Fat Layer Function
To protect from mechanical shock
Hilum Function
The entry and exit point for blood vessels and nerves
Renal Sinus Contents
Blood vessels, urine collection system, fat
Kidney Divisions
Cortex and medulla
Calyx Definition
Funnel-shaped structure surrounding renal pyramid tips
Renal Pelvis Function
The funnel-shaped structure that narrows to form the ureter
Functional Unit of Kidney
Nephron
Number of Nephrons in Each Kidney
1.3 million
Nephron Components
Renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule
Fluid Entry in Nephron
Renal corpuscle
Fluid Path in Nephron
Proximal tubule → loop of Henle → distal tubule → collecting duct
Juxtamedullary Nephrons Percentage
15%
Cortical Nephrons
The other 85% of nephrons
Renal Corpuscle Components
Bowman's capsule and glomerulus
Inner Layer of Bowman's Capsule
Podocytes
Ureters Function
Carry urine from kidneys to bladder
Urinary Bladder Location
In the pelvic cavity
Urinary Bladder Function
To store urine
Maximum Bladder Volume
1000 mL
Urethra Function
From the bladder to the outside of the body
Trigone Definition
The portion of the bladder located between the openings of the ureters and urethra
Male Urinary Flow Control
Internal urinary sphincter
Male vs
Male extends through the penis, female is shorter and opens into the vestibule
Urine Components
Water, organic waste products, and excess ions
Urine Formation Processes
Filtration, reabsorption, secretion
Filtration Definition
Movement of substances from the blood into the nephron
Reabsorption Definition
Movement of substances from the nephron into the blood
Secretion Definition
Transport of substances from the interstitial fluid into the nephron
Filtrate
Blood plasma that enters the nephron
Tubular Reabsorption
Substances are reabsorbed from the filtrate into the blood
Protein Metabolism By-Product
Ammonia
Ammonia Conversion
By the liver
Tubular Secretion Function
Producing urine
Micturition Reflex
Activation by stretch of the bladder wall
Bladder Filling
Stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall
Bladder Action Potentials
Conducted to the spinal cord
Parasympathetic Action Potentials
Cause bladder contraction
External Urinary Sphincter
Relaxes during the micturition reflex