History of Medical Technology - Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering key people, techniques, devices, and concepts from the history of medical technology as presented in the notes.

Hippocrates

Father of Medicine and author of the Hippocratic Oath.

Hippocratic Oath

Ethical obligation for physicians attributed to Hippocrates.

Rudimentary diagnosis

Early, basic assessments using the senses to judge disorders.

Qualitative assessment

Measurement of body fluids and the four humors to diagnose.

Four humors

Blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile; core theory of medieval/ancient medicine.

Uroscopy

Diagnosis based on urine examination (water-casting) common in medieval Europe.

Polydipsia

Excessive thirst; a cardinal symptom of diabetes.

Polyuria

Excessive urine production; a cardinal symptom of diabetes.

Polyphagia

Excessive hunger; a symptom seen in diabetes.

Diabetes described as 'diarrhea of urine' (Galen)

Early description linking urine output to diabetes symptoms.

Claudius Galenus (Galen)

Greek physician who linked diabetes symptoms with fluid intake and developed humor theory.

Urine characteristics

Color, density, quality, and odor used for diagnosis.

Urine density ρ = m/v

Density of urine calculated as mass over volume; related to Archimedes’ buoyancy.

Symptom

Subjective experience reported by the patient.

Sign

Objective evidence observed by the physician.

Spirometer

Device that measures lung vital capacity; unit is liters.

John Hutchinson

Inventor of the spirometer.

Stethoscope

Device for listening to internal body sounds; introduced in 1816.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Pioneer who developed the first practical microscope.

Ophthalmoscope

Instrument to examine the retina and eye interior.

Manuel Garcia

Inventor of the laryngoscope for observing the throat and larynx.

X-ray

Imaging modality discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen.

Electrocardiograph (ECG)

Device recording the heart’s electrical activity; developed by Einthoven.

Kenny method

Elizabeth Kenny’s polio treatment using damp heat and gradual physical therapy.

Drinker respirator

Early mechanical ventilator to aid respiration in polio patients.

Heart-Lung Machine

Device enabling open-heart surgery by circulating and oxygenating blood outside the body.

Cardiac catheterization and angiography

Technique to visualize the heart and vessels with contrast dye.

Sphygmomanometer

Indirect blood pressure measurement device; uses mmHg; described as indirect method (Herrison; Basch); attributed in notes to Laënnec.

Angiography

Imaging of blood vessels, visualizing vessels and flow.

William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine

First clinical laboratory in the United States, at the University of Pennsylvania.

Certification of Medical Technologists

Process to credential medical technologists (John Kolmer’s contribution).

Direction of Clinical Laboratories

Shift from chief physicians to pathologist-led laboratory management.

American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP)

Organization promoting cooperation between physicians and clinical pathologists and establishing ethics for technicians.

Hospital Real (Philippines)

First hospital established in the Philippines during the Spanish era.

San Lazaro Hospital

Franciscan-founded hospital serving infectious disease care.

Hospital de San Juan de Dios

Hospital established for the poor Spaniards.

University of Santo Tomas (UST)

University founded by the Dominicans; pivotal in Philippine medical education.

Hospital de San Jose (Cavite)

Hospital founded to serve the poor in Cavite.

Vaccine lymph

Beginning of production and distribution by the central board of vaccination.

Vaccinators

122 regular vaccinators in Manila and towns aiding disease control.

Bureau of Government Laboratories

Laboratory established to advance diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases (destroyed during WWII).

Bureau of Science

Agency for medical-laboratory advancement and research in the Philippines.

Manila Public Health Laboratory

First clinical laboratory in Manila; revived post-American period.

Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology

Four-year MT degree program established to professionalize the field.

First School in Medical Technology

Initial MT training program organized by Dr. Sta Ana; later evolved into formal college programs.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Father of Microbiology; improved microscope enabling microbial observation.

Edward Jenner

Developed vaccination for smallpox via cowpox; foundational in immunology.

Louis Pasteur

Rabies vaccine development; contribution to germ theory and immunology; concept of attenuation.

Rabies virus characteristics

RNA virus (Lyssavirus); bullet-shaped; -ssRNA genome; viewable by electron microscopy.

Gregor Mendel

Father of Genetics; formulated inheritance laws; introduced Punnett Square.

Joseph Lister

Proposed antiseptic surgery; linked sepsis to airborne contaminants.

Robert Koch

Proved Bacilli pathogens; described bacilli and tubercle bacilli; foundational in bacteriology.

Elie Metchnikoff

Described phagocytes and their role in innate immunity.

Ernst von Bergmann

Introduced steam sterilization in surgery; promoted autoclaving; sterilization standards.

Karl Landsteiner

Discovered ABO blood group system (A, B, O, AB).

August von Wassermann

Developed serologic test for syphilis (Wassermann test).

Howard Ricketts

Discovered Rickettsiae, organisms between bacteria and viruses.

James Salk

Jonas Salk developed the polio vaccine (note: vaccine development for polio; RNA virus details).

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

Kary Mullis’ technique to amplify DNA; highly sensitive molecular assay.

Andre van Steirteghem (ICSI)

Introduced Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (IVF technique).

James Thomson

First human embryonic stem cell line derived.

James Westgard

Formulated Westgard Rules for quality control in clinical laboratories.

Baruch Blumberg

Led development of the Hepatitis B vaccine.

Kary Mullis

Developed PCR; transformative DNA amplification method.

Hepatitis B vaccine dosing '0-1-5'

Vaccination schedule: first dose (0), second after 1 month, third after 5 months.

ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection)

Fertility technique enabling fertilization by injecting a single sperm into an egg.

James Thomson (stem cells)

Drew the first human embryonic stem cell line; advances in regenerative medicine.