Plants and animals

Tropisms

Slow growth movements towards or away from an external stimulus

Geo

Gravity

Thingo

touch

chemo

chemical

hydro

water

thermo

temperature

photo

light

Auxins

Produced in growing tips of stem and roots, diffusing down to promote elongation of cells. Respond to Tropisms.

Nastic

Rapid reversible movements of plants in response to the change of intensity in a stimulus

Taxes

Rapid movements in animals towards or away from a stimulus.

Kinesis

non-directional movements to a stimulus. The intensity of the stimulus dictates the rate of movement

Homing

Inate reponse where an animal regularly retruns to home/nest site

Migration

when memebers of a population move from one location to another. High energy usage. Benefits energy gained>energy lost from migration.

Navigation

• landmarks

• solar (sun)

• stellar (stars)

• magnetic fields

• chemical trails

• Sonar (sound)

activity periods within a day

• nocturnal (night)

• diurnal (day)

• crepuscular (dusk/dawn)

Internal clock

Clock set by enviromental cues

Enviromental cues for internal clock

Zietgeber

Endogenous rhythms

Activity patterns under control of internal clock

Free-running period

Period of activity in contanst conditions/no or constant enviromental cues

free-running>24

onset of activity occuring later each day

free-running<24

onset of activity earlier each day

Endogenous rhythms

• Circadian (24hr)

• Circannual (1year)

• Circatidal (12hr)

• Circalunar (30 days)

• Circasemiluumar (15 days)

Exogenous

activity patterns not controlled by internal clock instead external factors

Phase shift

Activity patterns moving each day until matching with zeitgeber/internal clock

Pfr

active, converting to during day

Pr

inactive, converting to during night

Short day plants

critcal day length less than photoperiod. Accumulates Pr.

Long day plants

critical day length greater than photoperiod. Accumulates Pfr.

Day-neutral plants

flower indepdently

Interspecific relationships

between memebers of different species

Mutualism

both benefited

Exploitation

One harmed, other benefits (predation, paratism)

Parasitism

Individual feeds on off another. One benefits other harmed.

Ectoparasites

feed on outside

Endoparasites

live inside host

Social parasitism

individuals of species uses services of other species to raise its young.

Predation

Predator hunts prey, one harmed other beneifted

Herbivory

herbivore benefits, plants harmed.

Competion

Fight for scarce resources, both inter and intra specific relationships.

Intraspecific relationships

between members of same population

Co-operative interactions

animals live in same groups

Hierachies

Ranking system of individuals in group

Territories

Areas defended by individual or group

Home range

Surrounding territories, shared and not defended

R strategy

Large number of eggs produced, little investment and energy in raising, low success rate, low risk for parents

K strategy

Few offspring, large investment and energy in raising, high success rate, high risk for parents

Courtship

behaviour ensuring matting occurs

Abiotic

non-living

biotic

living

photoperiodism

flowering period