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Made from Ada Comp. Sci. and P.M.T. notes
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Morals
Principles that an individual uses to make decisions about what is right and wrong
Impacts how we choose to behave and the decisions we make
Ethics
Our values as a community (group of associated people) and how these impact different people
Ethical
Deemed to have a positive impact based on our ethics
Society
One or more groups of people that exists with shared beliefs, practices, and ethics.
Culture
The shared beliefs, practices, and ethics of a group of people within a society
Society can be multi-____. It can be made up of multiple groups with different and overlapping beliefs, practices and ethics
Automatic system
A system programmed to operate without a human providing inputs for each operation
Automomous machines
Self-sufficient machines that require no human intervention.
They can learn and adjust to their changing environment
AI and machine learning are used in the developement of ____
Machine learning
A way of using large data sets (big data) to train AI by analysing the data in order to make more accurate predictions about what to output for a particular input.
Artificial intelligence (AI)
The ability of a computer to perform a task that would usually require human intelligence, cognitive ability and a grasp of abstract ideas
Bias
A disproportionate balance in favour of or against an idea or thing
Algorithmic bias
When the predicted output is far from the actual output
The model does not reflect the real world relationship between the input data and what it’s predicting
This term is used interchangably with prediction bias
Prediction bias
When a model facours one output over others
Is a result of a significant algorithmic bias
This term is used interchangably with algorithmic bias
Causes of algorithmic bias
Caused by training data that doesn’t reflect reality. This can be because the training data is:
Inaccurate
Insufficient or not representative of all possible outcomes
Reflective of existing prejudices
How can you reduce the energy consumption of computer device and monitors?
Energy consumption can be reduced by:
Turning the device off when it is not in use.
Lowering brightness of the monitor
Activating power-saving / energy-saving mode on the monitor. This automatically dims or turns of the display after a certain period of innactivity
Environmental impacts of data centres
They consume enormous quantities of energy (~3% of worlds energy in 2015) to operate their servers and their cooling systems. Much of this energy will be from carbon emitting sources, so will contribute to gloabal warming.
The cooling systems use hundreds of millions of litres of cooling fluid each year, and this water consumption can contribute to drought.
Upgrade culture
The cycle that sees most cunsumers replacing their devices (such as smart phones) every few years.
Planned obsolescence
When device manufacturers design or make their devices unfashionable or no longer usable before the device is actually reached its end of life
Environmental impacts of computer manufacturing
Computers use rare materials. Upgrade culture has caused high demand for these materials and deposits have become more and more depleted
Materials are often bought from companies with the lowest price. To maintain a proftit margin, unethical mining practices are often used. This can lead to landscapes being permanantly altered and wildlife habitats being destroyed.
Conumes large amount of energy, contributing to the burning of fossil fuels and therefore gloabal warming
Causes pollution
Manufcaturing facilities emit harmful chemicals and pollutants into the atmosphere.
Products often shipped internationaly - fuel used during transport
Products often packaged in plastic which is not always recycled
Potential benefits of technology for the environment
Distributing energy on a power grid more efficiently
Vehicle engine management systems improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions
Remote working reducing emissions from commuting
Give two effects on businesses of computers becoming part of the workforce.
Higher productivity
Lower unit costs
Lower costs of renting
Lower labour costs
Uses of automated decision-making
Targeted feeds (social media)
Application processes (jobs, mortgages, loans)
Power distribution systems
Driverless cars
Stock trading
Plant automation systems
Describe how expert systems work
Expert systems consist of a knowledge base made up of a set of facts and rules.
This is used to build an inference engine which is interrogated to find diagnoses.
Applications of AI
Neural networks
Expert systems
Voice recognition
Censorship
The act of suppressing the content that people are able to view, publish and access
What is the Free Internet?
The idea of an Internet where nothing is filtered at all, in line with the principle of freedom of speech
How is censorship used within schools?
Pupils may be prevented from accessing unsuitable material.
May be used to maintain high productivity and prevent distractions.
Arguments in favour of surveillance systems
Useful for social security purposes and detecting crime.
Needed to trace and punish criminal activity.
Name given to the process of analysing large data sets to uncover hidden trends
Data mining
Three things web designers must take into account when designing a website and why
Must consider the following to make a website accessible to all:
Colour paradigms
Layout
Character set
Piracy
The illegal access or use of copyrighted work without the permission of the copyright holder
Legislation related to how a users data can be used by companies and the government
Data Protection Act
Data controller
Person within a organisation who determines what data an organisation collects and how it is collected, processed and stored.
Data commisioner
Independent public body has the power to enforce the Data Protection Act
Categories of data covered by the data protection act
Personal data
Sensitive data
Personal data
Any data which can be used to identify a living person or which can be used in combination with other data to identify a living person
Examples of personal data
Name
Address
Banking details
Date of birth
Financial transactions
Data subject
The person which the data is about
Examples of sensitive data
Nationality
Ethnicity
Political beliefs
Trade union membership
Genetics
Biometrics
Health
Sexual orientation
8 principles of the data protection act
Only relevant data is held
Collected and used fairly and inside the law
Only used for the registered purpose it was intended
Kept accurate and up to date
Kept safe and secure
Adequate, relevant and not excessive
Not kept longer than is necessary
No transfer outside the EU unless the country has data protection
7 Rights of the data subject
Right of subject access
Right of correction
Right to prevent distress
Right to prevent direct marketing
Right to prevent automatic decisions
Right of complaint to the Information Commissioner
Right to compensation DEOS
Legislation related to the malicious use of computers
Computer Misuse Act
4 actions the Computer Misuse Act make illegal
Unauthorised access to a computer system - e.g.hacking
Unauthorised access to digital materials with the intent to commit further crime - e.g. planting a virus or other forms of malware
Unauthorised modification of data - e.g., changing or deleting files
Making, supplying or obtaining tools used to commit computer misuse offences
Maximum penalty for Unautharised access
Fine: Up to £5,000
Prison: Up to six months
Maximum penalty for unauthorised access with the intent to commit further crime
CFC:
Fine: Unlimited
Prison: Up to five years
Maximum penalty for unautharised modification of data
UMD:
Fine: Unlimited
Prison: Up to five years
Maximum penalty for making, supplying or obtaining tools used to commit computer misuse offences
Fine: Unlimited
Prison: Up to ten years
Legislation that protects peoples/ organisations original works
Copyright, Design and Patents Act
Copyright, Design and Patents Act
Legislation that allows an individual or organisation that has created a piece of original work, e.g. a book or painting, the right to control the use of their work. Digital assets are included under original work
What does the Copyright, Design and Patents Act protect (prevent people from stealing)
Brand names
Inventions
Product designs
Original works
Interlectual property
Anything you create using your mind - for example, a story, invention, artistic work or symbol.
What does copyright protect?
___ protects original works
How does copyright work
Copyright is automatic but time limited
You need permission to use copyrighted material
Define copyright
The rights a creator has over their own work.
Define patents
An exclusive right granted for an invention
Provides the owner with the right to decide if or how their invention can be used by others.
Software licences
Up to the copyright owner to decide if and what type of ___ to grant.
Different ___ grant users different rights
What do patents protect?
____ protect ideas and inventions
Legislation that covers investigation and surveillance by public bodies
Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act
Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act
Allows public bodies (e.g. police and security services) with appropriate authorisation to monitor communications and internet activities.
Empowers and limits the extent public bodies can use digital surveilance
Controversial as some people feel that the Act is an invasion of privacy ( a “snoopers charter”) and is often improperly used
What rights does the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act give to certain public bodies
Allows ___ to:
Allows monitoring of electronic communications
Allows monitoring of an individual's internet activities
Allows (mass) technological surveilence
Force users to hand over encryption keys
Prevent the existence of interception warrants being revealed in court
Demand that ISPs provide access to customer communications, without telling the customer
Demand that ISPs install equipment that facilitates surveillance
This requires permission from a suitable level (varies from magistrates court up to government cabinet)
What must ISPs do under the terms of the Regulation of the Investigatory Powers Act
Provide access to digital communications, digital communication archives and internet activities when asked.
Implement hardware and software systems that facilitate the surveillance of digital communications.