Legal, Moral, Cultural and Ethical Issues

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Made from Ada Comp. Sci. and P.M.T. notes

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60 Terms

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Morals

  • Principles that an individual uses to make decisions about what is right and wrong

  • Impacts how we choose to behave and the decisions we make

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Ethics

Our values as a community (group of associated people) and how these impact different people

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Ethical

Deemed to have a positive impact based on our ethics

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Society

One or more groups of people that exists with shared beliefs, practices, and ethics.

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Culture

  • The shared beliefs, practices, and ethics of a group of people within a society

  • Society can be multi-____. It can be made up of multiple groups with different and overlapping beliefs, practices and ethics

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Automatic system

A system programmed to operate without a human providing inputs for each operation

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Automomous machines

  • Self-sufficient machines that require no human intervention.

  • They can learn and adjust to their changing environment

  • AI and machine learning are used in the developement of ____

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Machine learning

A way of using large data sets (big data) to train AI by analysing the data in order to make more accurate predictions about what to output for a particular input.

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Artificial intelligence (AI)

The ability of a computer to perform a task that would usually require human intelligence, cognitive ability and a grasp of abstract ideas

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Bias

A disproportionate balance in favour of or against an idea or thing

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Algorithmic bias

  • When the predicted output is far from the actual output

  • The model does not reflect the real world relationship between the input data and what it’s predicting

  • This term is used interchangably with prediction bias

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Prediction bias

  • When a model facours one output over others

  • Is a result of a significant algorithmic bias

  • This term is used interchangably with algorithmic bias

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Causes of algorithmic bias

Caused by training data that doesn’t reflect reality. This can be because the training data is:

  • Inaccurate

  • Insufficient or not representative of all possible outcomes

  • Reflective of existing prejudices

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How can you reduce the energy consumption of computer device and monitors?

Energy consumption can be reduced by:

  • Turning the device off when it is not in use.

  • Lowering brightness of the monitor

  • Activating power-saving / energy-saving mode on the monitor. This automatically dims or turns of the display after a certain period of innactivity

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Environmental impacts of data centres

  • They consume enormous quantities of energy (~3% of worlds energy in 2015) to operate their servers and their cooling systems. Much of this energy will be from carbon emitting sources, so will contribute to gloabal warming.

  • The cooling systems use hundreds of millions of litres of cooling fluid each year, and this water consumption can contribute to drought.

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Upgrade culture

The cycle that sees most cunsumers replacing their devices (such as smart phones) every few years.

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Planned obsolescence

When device manufacturers design or make their devices unfashionable or no longer usable before the device is actually reached its end of life

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Environmental impacts of computer manufacturing

  • Computers use rare materials. Upgrade culture has caused high demand for these materials and deposits have become more and more depleted

  • Materials are often bought from companies with the lowest price. To maintain a proftit margin, unethical mining practices are often used. This can lead to landscapes being permanantly altered and wildlife habitats being destroyed.

  • Conumes large amount of energy, contributing to the burning of fossil fuels and therefore gloabal warming

  • Causes pollution

    • Manufcaturing facilities emit harmful chemicals and pollutants into the atmosphere.

    • Products often shipped internationaly - fuel used during transport

    • Products often packaged in plastic which is not always recycled

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Potential benefits of technology for the environment

  • Distributing energy on a power grid more efficiently

  • Vehicle engine management systems improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions

  • Remote working reducing emissions from commuting

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Give two effects on businesses of computers becoming part of the workforce.

  • Higher productivity

  • Lower unit costs

  • Lower costs of renting

  • Lower labour costs

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Uses of automated decision-making

  • Targeted feeds (social media)

  • Application processes (jobs, mortgages, loans)

  • Power distribution systems

  • Driverless cars

  • Stock trading

  • Plant automation systems

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Describe how expert systems work

  • Expert systems consist of a knowledge base made up of a set of facts and rules.

  • This is used to build an inference engine which is interrogated to find diagnoses.

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Applications of AI

  • Neural networks

  • Expert systems

  • Voice recognition

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Censorship

The act of suppressing the content that people are able to view, publish and access

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What is the Free Internet?

The idea of an Internet where nothing is filtered at all, in line with the principle of freedom of speech

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How is censorship used within schools?

  • Pupils may be prevented from accessing unsuitable material.

  • May be used to maintain high productivity and prevent distractions.

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Arguments in favour of surveillance systems

  • Useful for social security purposes and detecting crime.

  • Needed to trace and punish criminal activity.

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Name given to the process of analysing large data sets to uncover hidden trends

Data mining

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Three things web designers must take into account when designing a website and why

Must consider the following to make a website accessible to all:

  • Colour paradigms

  • Layout

  • Character set

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Piracy

The illegal access or use of copyrighted work without the permission of the copyright holder

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Legislation related to how a users data can be used by companies and the government

Data Protection Act

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Data controller

Person within a organisation who determines what data an organisation collects and how it is collected, processed and stored.

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Data commisioner

Independent public body has the power to enforce the Data Protection Act

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Categories of data covered by the data protection act

  • Personal data

  • Sensitive data

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Personal data

Any data which can be used to identify a living person or which can be used in combination with other data to identify a living person

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Examples of personal data

  • Name

  • Address

  • Banking details

  • Date of birth

  • Financial transactions

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Data subject

The person which the data is about

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Examples of sensitive data

  • Nationality

  • Ethnicity

  • Political beliefs

  • Trade union membership

  • Genetics

  • Biometrics

  • Health

  • Sexual orientation

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8 principles of the data protection act

  • Only relevant data is held

  • Collected and used fairly and inside the law

  • Only used for the registered purpose it was intended

  • Kept accurate and up to date

  • Kept safe and secure

  • Adequate, relevant and not excessive

  • Not kept longer than is necessary

  • No transfer outside the EU unless the country has data protection

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7 Rights of the data subject

  • Right of subject access

  • Right of correction

  • Right to prevent distress

  • Right to prevent direct marketing

  • Right to prevent automatic decisions

  • Right of complaint to the Information Commissioner

  • Right to compensation DEOS

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Legislation related to the malicious use of computers

Computer Misuse Act

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4 actions the Computer Misuse Act make illegal

  • Unauthorised access to a computer system - e.g.hacking

  • Unauthorised access to digital materials with the intent to commit further crime - e.g. planting a virus or other forms of malware

  • Unauthorised modification of data - e.g., changing or deleting files

  • Making, supplying or obtaining tools used to commit computer misuse offences

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Maximum penalty for Unautharised access

  • Fine: Up to £5,000

  • Prison: Up to six months

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Maximum penalty for unauthorised access with the intent to commit further crime

CFC:

  • Fine: Unlimited

  • Prison: Up to five years

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Maximum penalty for unautharised modification of data

UMD:

  • Fine: Unlimited

  • Prison: Up to five years

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Maximum penalty for making, supplying or obtaining tools used to commit computer misuse offences

  • Fine: Unlimited

  • Prison: Up to ten years

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Legislation that protects peoples/ organisations original works

Copyright, Design and Patents Act

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Copyright, Design and Patents Act

Legislation that allows an individual or organisation that has created a piece of original work, e.g. a book or painting, the right to control the use of their work. Digital assets are included under original work

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What does the Copyright, Design and Patents Act protect (prevent people from stealing)

  • Brand names

  • Inventions

  • Product designs

  • Original works

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Interlectual property

Anything you create using your mind - for example, a story, invention, artistic work or symbol.

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What does copyright protect?

___ protects original works

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How does copyright work

  • Copyright is automatic but time limited

  • You need permission to use copyrighted material

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Define copyright

The rights a creator has over their own work.

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Define patents

  • An exclusive right granted for an invention

  • Provides the owner with the right to decide if or how their invention can be used by others.

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Software licences

  • Up to the copyright owner to decide if and what type of ___ to grant.

  • Different ___ grant users different rights

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What do patents protect?

____ protect ideas and inventions

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Legislation that covers investigation and surveillance by public bodies

Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act

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Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act

  • Allows public bodies (e.g. police and security services) with appropriate authorisation to monitor communications and internet activities.

  • Empowers and limits the extent public bodies can use digital surveilance

  • Controversial as some people feel that the Act is an invasion of privacy ( a “snoopers charter”) and is often improperly used

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What rights does the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act give to certain public bodies

Allows ___ to:

  • Allows monitoring of electronic communications

  • Allows monitoring of an individual's internet activities

  • Allows (mass) technological surveilence

  • Force users to hand over encryption keys

  • Prevent the existence of interception warrants being revealed in court

  • Demand that ISPs provide access to customer communications, without telling the customer

  • Demand that ISPs install equipment that facilitates surveillance

This requires permission from a suitable level (varies from magistrates court up to government cabinet)

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What must ISPs do under the terms of the Regulation of the Investigatory Powers Act

  • Provide access to digital communications, digital communication archives and internet activities when asked.

  • Implement hardware and software systems that facilitate the surveillance of digital communications.