emergence of hitler

Treaty of Versailles (Article 231)

Clause that blamed Germany for WWI, creating widespread resentment.

Nazi Party (NSDAP)

Political party founded in 1919 promoting nationalism, anti-Semitism, and opposition to the Treaty of Versailles.

25-Point Programme

Nazi agenda rejecting the Versailles Treaty, promising to eliminate reparations, and advocating for economic reform and racial purity.

Sturmabteilung (SA)

Paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party responsible for violence, intimidation, and supporting the party's agenda.

Invasion of Ruhr (1923)

Action by France and Belgium to take control of German production, leading to economic decline and hyperinflation.

Munich Beer Hall Putsch (1923)

Failed coup led by Hitler to overthrow the government, resulting in his imprisonment for treason.

Gustav Stresemann

Chancellor and foreign minister who sought to stabilize Germany's economy and improve international relations during the 1920s.

Dawes Plan (1924)

Agreement that restructured Germany's reparations payments and stabilized its economy with loans from the US.

Young Plan

Agreement that reduced Germany's reparations from 132 billion marks to 37 billion and extended the payment timeline.

Great Depression

Global economic downturn starting in 1929 that severely affected the already vulnerable German economy.

Heinrich Bruning

Chancellor from 1930 to 1932 who failed to stabilize the economy and led to the Nazi party gaining substantial support.

Franz Von Papen

Conservative politician who helped bring Hitler to power, believing he could control him once in office.

Reichstag Fire (Feb 27, 1933)

Event exploited by Hitler to crack down on Communists, leading to increased authoritarian control.

Enabling Act (March 23, 1933)

Legislation that allowed Hitler to enact laws without Reichstag approval, effectively ending democracy in Germany.

Paul Von Hindenburg

President of Germany who appointed Hitler as Chancellor and later enacted Article 48, facilitating Hitler's rise to power.

Politics of Anxiety

Public sentiment in post-WWI Germany where fear of losing traditional roles contributed to support for Hitler.

Propaganda

Tools used by the Nazi Party to portray Hitler as a savior and promote their ideology through media.

Intentionalists

Historians who argue Hitler had a clear plan to create a dictatorship from the start.

Structuralists

Historians who emphasize the role of external factors in Hitler's rise, such as economic and political instability.

Revisionists

Historians who focus on the impact of propaganda and Hitler's charisma as key factors in his ascendance to power.

Alfred Hugenburg

Media tycoon who supported Hitler's rise by providing access to national newspapers and propaganda.