emergence of hitler
IDs | Explanation |
Treaty of Versailles (*article 231) condition | - War guilt clause blamed Germany for WWI, creating widespread resentment. |
Nazi Party (1919) method | - Founded as the German Workers’ Party (DAP) by Anton Drexler and renamed the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) - Promoted nationalism, anti-Semitism, and opposition to the Treaty of Versailles. |
25-Point Programme (1920) method | - Rejection of Versailles Treaty → promised to get rid of reparations - Anti-Semitism and racial purity - Economic reform for workers and farmers - Promoted Führerprinzip: Absolute authority of the leader - Appealed to wide audience - Aimed at working class, nationlists, busisessmen, etc. - Became successful after 1929 |
The SA (1920) method | - Sturmabteilung → eventually becomes SS - paramilitary, auxiliary police force - obeyed to Nazi Party - stregnth/order, violence against KPD - Paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party wing responsible for violence, intimidation, and coercion |
Invasion of Ruhr (1923) condition | - France and Belgium angry because Germany wasn’t paying reparation - invaded Ruhr, took control of production → caused decrease in economy of Germany - passive resistance → printing more money to pay employees - one leading cause of the hyperinflation |
Munich Beer Hall Putsch (1923) condition | - Nov. 8th 1923 → led by Hitler - attempt to overthrow gov. → took over a beer hall in Munich - broke into beer hall demanding support to take control of Bavaria - failed, betrayed by Carr → Hitler imprisonned for treason |
Gustav Stresemann (1923-29) condition | - Chancellor for 100 days (1923) - As chancellor → wanted to address Germany’s econ problems and international weaknesses ⇒ calls off passive resistance, cuts gov. Spending, new currency commissioner (new currency), Dawes Plan, Locarno Treaty, Young Plan - Foreign minister for 6 years until death |
Dawes Plan (1924) condition | - Sliding scale of payments → Germany loaned from the US, paid reparations, France and Belgium payed loans back to US - Reichsmark - under allied supervision, backed by gold France stopped occupation of Ruhr in 1924-25 - Better relations w/ France because of payments |
The Young Plan condition | - an agreement that reduced Germany's reparation payments from the Treaty of Versailles and extended the time Germany had to pay them. - re-examine reparations issue Brought reparations form 132 billion marks to 37 billion - Right-wing objected Germany paying any reparations, even Young Plan - Hitler w/ Nazi, used situation and made speeches against Young Plan |
The Great Depression condition | - 1929 → Wall street crash caused American economy to crash, America started asking for the loans to be payed back - Germany → dependent on America for the economy → affected by Great Depression - caused economy to decrease, faith in gov. decreased, people started siding with extremists (KPD, NSDAP) - Hitler used as leverage to become Chancellor |
Heinrich Bruning (1930-32) condition | - 1932 - Burning banned SA to stop street violence - persuaded Hindenburg to dissolve the Reichstag to hopefully gain more support - Nazi party made substantial gains - got dismissed 1932 - Failed to stabilize the economy, paving the way for Hitler. |
Franz Von Papen (May-Dec 1932) condition | - June 1932 - Papen lifts ban on SA - conservatives wanted to counter KPD popularity , thought coalition would make them stronger - convinced Hindenburg to make Hitler Chancellor → thought they could control him |
Elections from 1932-1933 condition | - July 1932: Nazis became the largest party (33% of the vote) - March 5 1933: ⇒ Nazis gained more support through fear, tactics and propaganda ⇒ Nazi Party increased from 33% to 43% ⇒ Hitler focused on Center Parties (Catholics mainly) to secure two-thirds majority and be able to pass Enabling Act |
Hitler’s ‘Legal Revolution” method | - January - March 1933 - Jan. → Hitler becomes Chancellor ⇒ Hindenburg gives power Because of Nazi Party popularity, thought he would be less dangerous in office - Hitler uses position to establish dictatorship (Art. 48) - 1 day after he is elected, he calls for a new election in the Reichstag for March 1933 → hopes to increase seats in parliament and pass Enabling Act |
Reichstag Fire (Feb 27 1933) method | - February 27, 1933 - Marinus van der Lubbe (dutch w/ communist ties), arrested and executed - Exploited by Hitler to crackdown on Communist (KPD) - The ‘Decree of the Reich President for the Protection of the Nation and the State’ → restriction of the right to assembly, and freedom of speech/press, among other rights, gave central gov. the authority to overrule state/local laws and overthrow state /local gov., and removed all restraints on police investigations ⇒ Hitler convinced President Hindenburg to enact article 48 ⇒ argued it would diminish communist threat ⇒ First major step towards authoritarianism → arrest of opposition |
Enabling Act (March 23, 1933) method | - Gave Hitler power to make laws w/out Reichtags approval for 4 years ⇒ Took advantage, destroyed democracy → Germany = dictatorship - ban other political parties, shut down trade unions, & create a one-party Nazi state - Historian POV! Historian Alan Bullock said the Enabling Act ended democracy in Germany because it gave Hitler complete control - passed w/ 444 votes for, 94 votes against, with many politicians pressured or intimidated into agreeing |
Paul Von Hindenburg condition | - 1925-1933 - won presidential elections against Hitler in 1932 - enacted article 48 in 1933 making Hitler Dictator |
Politics of Anxiety method | - lack of faith in Weimar Republic from the German - feared traditional roles and statuses were threatened - Hitler used to his advantage → increased his vote |
Propaganda method | - Fhurer → Hitler as savior, myth (bigger than him), sexual appeal - use of slogans → inspired by Mussolini |
Main political parties (p. 169) condition | - NSDAP → Nazi Party - KPD → Communist Party - SPD → Social democratic party |
National Socialism Key Ideas (p. 182) | Lowkey same thing as 25-key programme |
Alfred Hugenburg (p. 173 & 181) | - Media tycoon who supported Hitler by providing access to national newspapers and propaganda platforms, helping to increase Nazi visibility and popularity |
Historian Perspectives (All over Section I) | - Intentionalists: Hitler had a clear plan from the start to create a dictatorship - Structuralists: External factors, like the Depression, political instability, and weak Weimar leadership, allowed Hitler to rise. - Revisionists: Highlight the role of propaganda and Hitler’s charisma AJP Taylor → if there had been a strong democratic sentiment in Germany, Hitler wouldn’t have come to power; they deserved what they got. |