Religion Test 5&6 Review

What is scholasticism?

a methodology and philosophy that involved logic, questioning, and debate

Which university became the most famous during the Medieval period because of the talent that it attracted?

The school of Bologna after the University of Paris

What was the studium generale at the universities?

Study of theology, philosophy, law (both civil and canon), medicine (physics), and the arts

What was St. Thomas Aquinas's largest work, and what are two of the topics that this work addresses?

Summa Theologiae set about understanding the most fundamental tenets of Christianity such as the existence of God and Christian morality

Until St. Thomas Aquinas, what ancient Greek philosopher had given the philosophical framework within which Christianity usually operated?

Aristotle

Why did Aristotle need to be "re-discovered"?

Aristotle needed to be rediscovered because St. Thomas Aquinas used Aristotle's philosophies to link reason to faith, which updated Christian theology

What was the main task of St. Thomas Aquinas?

To employ systematic philosophy of Aristotle on the Christian faith and reconcile compatibility (reason& revelation)

What is St. Thomas Aquinas is reported to have said after his mystical experience in Naples?

"Everything I have written seems like straw by comparison to what I have seen and what has been revealed to me" -Sr. Thomas Aquinas

Why is St. Thomas's work so valuable to the Christian tradition?

Teacher of theology in service of the Church (his books and treatises remain unsurpassed in offering a comprehensive and thorough theological and philosophical understanding of God, his works, and laws

What are the two mendicant orders and who founded them?

St. Francis of Assisi: Franciscans
St. Dominic: Dominicans

How were the mendicants different from the monks of previous centuries?

Did not include a cloistered existence of prayer and work

What was St. Francis's dream as a young man? How did he live?

St. Francis dreamed of fighting as a knight in the Crusades. As a young man he lived by enjoying the finer things in life.

How did St. Francis organized the common life of his followers?

St. Francis organized the common life of his followers by making them live a life of poverty and preaching to the poor as a way to faithfully reflect the love of Christ.

Pope Innocent III and the Vatican were initially suspicious of St. Francis. What reportedly happened that changed Pope Innocent's mind?

The pope had a dream of a poor and despised man holding up St. John Lateran, the Cathedral of Rome (his dream came true)

What order oversees many of the holy shrines in the Holy Land?

The Franciscan order

What color habit did the Dominicans take?

black and white

What heresy did the Dominicans set out to correct?

Dominicans set out to correct the Albigensian heresy.

What devotion did the Dominicans advocate as a means of evangelization?

the rosary

What was the legacy of the mendicant friars?

They promoted wholehearted dedication to Christ by combining a simple Christian life with a strong dedication to the Eucharist and to education

What architectural innovations were developed for gothic churches?

pointed arches and ogival or ribbed vaulting

What was the purpose of Medieval Church art?

To show the divinity and beauty of Christ

What did Pope Boniface assert in Unam Sanctam?

Every human being must be subject to the Pope in order to be saved.

How did the English king come to govern a large section of western France?

through matrimonial affairs

What were the three main battles of the Hundred Years War?

The Battle of Crecy: 26 August 1346. ..The Battle of Poitiers: 19 September 1356. ...The Battle of Agincourt: 25 October 1415.

How did St. Joan of Arc gave new hope to the French?

St. Joan of Arc gave new hope to the French by going to them in battle as relief. Later she was captured and killed, but became a symbol of hope for the French allowing them to take back Paris.

Describe St. Catherine's spirituality.

St. Catherine lived in extreme poverty amongst the sick. Despite these physical deprivations, she was radiantly happy and full of practical wisdom. She has a vision in which God asked her to enter public life and help "heal the wounds of the Church"

How did the coexistence of three "popes" prove to be a scandal to the faithful?

The coexistence of three popes proved to be a scandal to the faithful because it weakened the church and split up the following of the Church

How did the Council of Constance handle the situation of three popes?

The Council of Constance handled the situation by forcing Pisan antipope John XXIII to call a council at Constance and to resign his position. Pope Greory XII sent a rep. To the Council with the offer that he would recognize the authority of Constance and would abdicate if the council would recognize him as pope. Benedict XIII did not cooperate and as a result he lost most of his support. Gregory's abdication allowed for the election of Pope Martin V and an end to the western Schism.

When was conciliarism definitively defeated?

At the Council of Ferrara-Florence in 1439

What was John Wycliffe's profession?

English scholastic philosopher, theologian, biblical translator, reformer, Catholic priest, and a seminary professor at the University of Oxford

What did Wycliffe criticize?

Wycliffe criticized the secular practices and material possessions of the Church.

What does Renaissance mean?

rebirth

Name three important cities involved in trade and commerce in Italy other than Rome

Venice, Pisa, and Genoa

To what did the Italian city-states aspire to return in the fifteenth century

The Italian city-states aspired to return to Constantinople and save the Byzantine Empire

What discipline was considered the pinnacle of human achievement during the Renaissance?

Fascination which is being able to understand the human person and the fact that every person is a fruit of God's creative power.

Who authored Utopia?

St. Thomas Moore

Who was St. Thomas More?

St. Thomas More was an English lawyer, knight, martyr, and saint who was Lord Chancellor of England under King Henry VIII; he was beheaded because of his allegiance to the Pope.

Characterize the holiness of the Renaissance popes.

Renaissance popes were unfortunately worldly men that rarely reflected the holiness of Christ or St. Peter. Most were purely interested in increasing their temporal power instead of leading the Catholic church. Many became involved in the selling of indulgences to finance their luxurious projects. The Papacy during the Renaissance did not live up to the holiness that Christ intended. Acted like princes

What did Luther believe was the only source of revelation?

the Bible

How much power does human freedom have to do with good actions?

Calvin: rejects human freedom to do good acts
- predestination
Catholic: humans have freedom to cooperate with God

Can a person gain merit by doing good works?

Calvin does not think so
The Catholic Church says human freedom guided by grace units personal good works to the merits of Christ

How is human nature?

Luther: inherently bad
Catholic: inherently good
Calvin: bad

What are the sacraments?

The Sacraments are sacred signs through which Jesus gives us His Spirit and makes us holy and pleasing to Him by grace.
Luther: communion, baptism

What should be done with practices not found in the bible?

Calvin: rejects all
Luther: keeps some

What should be done to crucifixes, statues, artwork, vestments, altars, confessionals, and stained glass windows?

Calvin directed iconoclastic things against all of them

On what does a person's salvation depend?

predestination

How does one know if he or she is predestined for Heaven?

if you are successful on Earth

Sola Scriptura (Scripture Alone)

Belief that the Bible is the sole source of religious truth

Sola Fide

faith alone

Sola Gratia (Grace alone)

The belief that salvation comes from the grace of God, not through any human effort like good works

Solo Cristo

Christ alone

original sin from Luther:

he believed sin-fullness was impossible to overcome because humans are inherently bad

Divine Revelation from Luther:

comes from scripture alone

sacraments from Luther:

argued that God did not need material means which he could not impart grace

indulgences by Luther:

- no purgatory
- corruption of indulgences
- abuse
- you can't earn salvation w/ indulgences or good works

consupiscence

The tendency of all human beings toward sin, as a result of Original Sin.

95 Theses

Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on Octobe 31, 1517.

Acts of Supremacy

Proclaimed King Henry VIII the supreme leader of the Church of England, which meant that the pope was no longer recognized as having any authority within the country, and all matters of faith, ecclesiastical appointment, and maintenance of ecclesiastical properties were in the hands of the king.

The Summa

Sets about understanding the most fundamental tenets of Christianity, including, among other things, the existence of God, the divinity of Christ, and Christian morality.

St. John Fisher

A bishop who opposed Henry VIII's actions and was executed.

St. Thomas Moore

He was chancellor of England. He remained loyal to the pope and the universal church during the time of Henry VIII.

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Which queen make anglican church more protestant?

Queen Elizabeth

What abuses in the Church required reform?

Simony (buying your job), abuses of indulgences, lack of priestly education.

What was the name of the document Martin Luther nailed to the door of the Wittenberg cathedral?

95 Theses October 31, 1517

What abuse initially captured Luther's attention and compelled him to write the document he nailed on the cathedral door?

indulgences

What two sacraments did Luther retain?

Baptism and Communion because they were the only ones mentioned in the Bible.

Consubstantiation

Luther's belief that the bread and wine is not changed but that Christ is present in spirit only

Where and at what meeting did Luther answer charges before Emperor Charles V?

The Diet of Worms

Where did Luther go to escape capture by the emperor?

The Castle of Wartburg where he was kept in hiding under the protection of Duke Frederick of Saxony.

What did Luther translate from the original Greek into German while at Wartburg?

New Testament

What was the key passage from St. Paul in Romans 1:17 that led Luther to the theological idea of "justification through faith alone"?

"For in it the righteousness of God is revealed through faith for faith; 'He who through faith is righteous shall live' " Luther began to believe that it is only "through Faith" that one becomes righteous.

What book of the New Testament did Luther especially reject?

John's gospel

What relationship to secular authority did Luther and lutheranism develop?

Secular authority saw in Luther's new movement a way to free themselves from the pope and the Catholic emperor, they also saw a way to enrich themselves with expropriated Church lands.

What was the Augsburg Confession?

Lutheran princes refused the demands of HRE Charles V to revert back to Catholicism

Who developed the Reformed tradition in the Protestant Reformation?

John Calvin

What was the name of Calvin's most important work?

Institutes of the Christian Religion

In which city did Calvin establish a theocracy?

Geneva

What work did Henry VIII write against Luther's ideas?

Assertio Septem Sacramentorum or Defence of the Seven Sacraments

What was the state of the Catholic Church in England at the beginning of Henry VIII's reign?

weak and crumbling

What was the Act of Supremacy?

1534-The King of England was the Head of the Church of England.

Who were two of the most important martyrs during Henry VIII's reign?

St. John Fisher and St. Thomas Moore

What happened to the Church lands and religious houses in England?

confiscated or taken by the gov

How was the church of England that Henry VIII started theologically different from the Catholic Church?

Divorce, King was the head of the Church

What book did Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, publish under King Edward VI's reign?

the book of common prayer

Under whose reign did the Church of England truly accept the ideas of the Protestant reformation?

Queen Elizabeth I

What are the Thirty-nine articles?

the foundation fo Anglicanism; written by Thomas Cranmer, published by Queen Elizabeth I; maintained outward appearance of Catholicism while removing its essential teachings

What were some of the challenges posed by a Church council being called?

War, opposition to reform by Protestant rulers, unwillingness of Church leaders

When did the Council of Trent meet?

1545-1563

What topics did the Council of Trent address?

The Council of Trent addressed the relationship between Scripture and Tradition, Biblical interpretation, how to achieve salvation, the sacraments, the Eucharist, the Mass, bishops and their diocese, celibacy, indulgences, new writings, and the establishment of universities and seminaries.

At what important battle were the Turks defeated by European forces?

The Battle of Lepanto

Who was the holy bishop of Milan who implemented the reforms of the Council of Trent?

St. Charles Borromeo

Who helped form the Carmelite order?

St. Teresa of Avila & St. John of the Cross

What important book did St. Ignatius of Loyola write that is still used for retreats today?

Spiritual Exercises

What kind of work did the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) do?

Obedience to the Holy Father

What was the name given to the Muslims who lived in Spain?

Al-Andalus

How did Philip II deal with these Muslim people in Spain?

Philip II dealt with the Muslim people in Spain by sending his half brother, Austrian Don Juan, to remove the danger and transplant all of the Moriscos to the interior of Spain.

What was the economic foundation of the Low Countries?

agricultural and commercial economy

What did William of Orange and the Count of Egmont protest? Were they successful?

William of Orange protested the presence of Spanish troops on the region. It was successful to an extent, Philip removed some Spanish soldiers but refused to alter his position on doctrinal uniformity.

what actions taken by Calvinists in the Low Countries enraged Philip?

launching a campaign across the countryside, plundring over 1000 churches and monasteries, and destroying Manuscripts, paintings and statues.