AP Psych - Personality

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63 Terms

1

personality

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

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2

free association

  • psychoanalysis

  • method of exploring the unconscious where an individual relaxes and said whatever comes to mind

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3

psychoanalysis

  • Freud’s theory of personality

  • attributes emotions to unconscious thoughts

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4

unconscious

  • according to Freud, the ______ is a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories

  • according to contemporary psychologists, information processing we are unaware of

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5

id

  • reservoir of unconscious energy that strives to satisfy sexual and aggressive drives

  • operates of the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

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6

ego

  • largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that mediates the demands of the id, superego, and reality

  • operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires that will bring pleasure rather than pain

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7

superego

  • part of personality that represents internalized ideas

  • provides standards for judgement and future aspirations

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8

pleasure principle

driving force of id that seeks immediate gratification

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9

reality principle

the opposing force to the instinctual urges of the pleasure principle

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10

psychosexual stages

  • childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital) proposed by Freud

  • during these, the id’s pleasure-seeking focuses on distinct erogenous zones

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11

oral stage

  • one of Freud’s psychosexual stages; 0-18 months

  • pleasure centered on the mouth (sucking, biting, chewing)

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12

anal stage

  • one of Freud’s psychosexual stages; 18-36 months

  • pleasure focused on bowel and bladder, coping w/ demands for control

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13

phallic stage

  • one of Freud’s psychosexual stages; 3-6 years

  • pleasure zone is the genitals, coping w/ incestuous sexual feelings

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14

latent stage

  • one of Freud’s psychosexual stages; 6 to puberty

  • dormant sexual feelings

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15

genital stage

  • one of Freud’s psychosexual stages; puberty on

  • maturation of sexual interests

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16

Oedipus complex

Freud’s idea that a boy has sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

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17

Electra Complex

  • opposite of Oedipus complex

  • Carl Jung’s idea that a girl has sexual desires toward her father and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival mother

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18

identification

according to Freud, the process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos

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19

fixation

according to Freud, the lingering focus on unresolved pleasure seeking from an earlier psychosexual stage

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20

defense mechanisms

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

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21

repression

  • defense mechanism where an individual banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

  • ex. a victim of a car accident doesn’t remember anything about the accident

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22

regression

  • defense mechanism where an individual dealing with anxiety retreats to a more infantile stage

  • ex. following the anxious first day of school, a child may revert to comfort of thumb-sucking

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23

reaction formation

  • defense mechanism where the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites

  • ex. “I love them” becomes “I hate them”

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24

projection

  • defense mechanism where people disguise their own impulses by attributing them to others

  • ex. “they’re such a gossip” when in reality, the person speaking is insecure about their gossiping habits

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25

rationalization

  • defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening reasons for one’s actions

  • ex. an alcoholic says they drink with their friends ”just to be sociable”

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26

displacement

  • defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable outlet

  • ex. someone is angry and wants to hit someone, but they redirect that energy towards punching a wall

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27

denial

  • defense mechanism where people refuse to believe or percieve painful realities

  • ex. someone ignores evidence of their partner’s affair

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28

collective uncounsciousness

Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory that is derived from our universal experiences

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29

projective test

a personality test, like the Rorschach or TAT that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s internal dynamics

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30

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a personality test where people view ambiguous pictures and make up a story

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31

Rorschach inkblot test

well known projective test that attempts to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretation of inkblots

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32

terror-management theory

  • theory of death-related anxiety

  • explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of death

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33

self-actualization

Maslow’s theory of the motivation to fufill one’s potential after basic physical and psychological needs are met

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34

unconditional positive regard

Carl Rogers’ idea of an attitude of total acceptance toward another

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35

self-concept

all of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves

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36

trait

a characteristic pattern of behavior

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37

personality inventory

a questionnaire used to assess selected personality traits

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38

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

the most widely researched and clinically used personality test

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39

empirically derived test

a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that differentiate between groups

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40

social-cognitive perspective

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including thinking) and their social context

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41

reciprocal determinism

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and enviroment

<p>the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and enviroment</p>
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42

personal control

the extent to which people perceive control over their environment

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43

external locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond personal control determine one’s fate

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44

internal locus of control

the perception that you control your own fate

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45

learned helplessness

the hopelessness and resignation an individul learns when unable to avoid repeated averse effects

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46

positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

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47

self

the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

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48

spotlight effect

overestimating others’ observation and evaluation of our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we pretend a spotlight shines on us)

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49

self-esteem

one’s feelings of high or low self worth

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50

self-serving bias

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

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51

Alfred Adler

  • Neo-Freudian

  • Importance of child social (not sexual) tension

  • Inferiority complex

  • Birth order psychology

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52

Karen Horney

  • Neo-Freudian

  • Sought to balance Freud's masculine biases

  • “Womb envy”

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53

Carl Jung

  • Neo-Freudian

  • Collective unconscious

  • Archetypes (self, persona, shadow, anima, ect.)

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54

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalyst

  • Unconscious

  • Id, ego, superego

  • Free association

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55

Abraham Maslow

  • Humanistic psychologist

  • Self-actualization

  • Hierarchy of needs

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56

Carl Rogers

  • Humanistic psychologist

  • Focused on growth and fulfillment

  • Unconditional positive regard

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57

Julian Rotter

  • Psychologist

  • Social learning theory

  • Locus of control

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58

Albert Bandura

Viewed behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons and their social context

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59

Hans and Sybil Eysenck

Used two primary personality factors (neuroticism and extraversion) as axes for describing personality variation

<p>Used two primary personality factors (neuroticism and extraversion) as axes for describing personality variation</p>
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60

Gordon Allport

  • Psychologist

  • Trait theory

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61

Paul Costa and Robert McCrae

  • The big five traits

  • OCEAN (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism)

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62

Raymond Cattell

  • Psychologist

  • 16 personality factors

  • Fluid and crystalized intelligence

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63

Martin Seligman

  • Psychologist

  • Positive psychology

  • Learned helplessness

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