Anatomy Unit 7 Big Ideas

What functions do the respiratory and cardiovascular systems have in common?

Both systems are involved in the transport of gases, with the respiratory system facilitating the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs, while the cardiovascular system circulates these gases throughout the body via the blood.

How do the cardiovascular and respiratory systems work together?

they work together to ensure that oxygen is transported to the tissues and carbon dioxide is removed. The respiratory system brings oxygen into the lungs, where it diffuses into the blood, while the cardiovascular system pumps this oxygen-rich blood to all body cells.

What are other functions of the respiratory system?

The respiratory system also helps regulate blood pH, filters and moistens the air we breathe, and assists in phonation or the production of sound.

What is the structure of the nasal cavity

The nasal cavity is a hollow space behind the nose, lined with mucous membranes and cilia. It also contains turbinate that increase surface area and enhance airflow efficiency.

What is the function of the nasal cavity

filters, warms, and humidifies the air we breathe, as well as house olfactory receptors for the sense of smell.

What is the structure of the pharynx

The pharynx is a muscular tube that connects the nasal cavity to the larynx and esophagus. It is divided into three regions: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

What is the function of the pharynx

It serves as a passageway for air and food, facilitating breathing and swallowing. It also plays a role in vocalization and protects against pathogens.

What is the structure of the larynx?

It is a cartilaginous structure located at the top of the trachea, commonly known as the voice box. It contains the vocal cords

What is the function of the Larynx?

It is responsible for producing sound, protecting the airway during swallowing, and facilitating airflow to the lungs. It also helps to filter and warm the air we breathe.

What similarities do the nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx have?

They all are part of the upper respiratory tract, involved in the processes of respiration, voice production, and serve functions in protecting the airways.

What are the structures of the trachea? How does it relate to its function?

The trachea consists of a flexible tube made of cartilage rings and smooth muscle that extends from the larynx to the bronchi. Its structure allows for open airflow while providing support and preventing collapse.

What are the structures of Bronchial Tree. How does it relate to its function?

The bronchial tree consists of the primary bronchi, secondary (lobar) bronchi, tertiary (segmental) bronchi, and bronchioles. Its structure allows for the distribution of air to the lungs and enables efficient gas exchange through a large surface area.

What muscles are involved in normal breathing?

The primary muscles involved are the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles. These muscles contract to facilitate inhalation and relax for exhalation, aiding in the airflow into and out of the lungs.

What other muscles are involved in labored breathing

accessory muscles such as the sternocleidomastoid, scalene, and abdominal muscles are involved in assisting in increasing lung volume and decreasing intrathoracic pressure during strenuous respiratory efforts.

How does pressure change during ventilation

During inhalation, the thoracic pressure drops, allowing air to flow in, while exhalation increases pressure, pushing air out.

Why does pressure change during ventilation?

due to the expansion and contraction of the thoracic cavity, which alters lung volume and gas pressure.

What is partial pressure?

It is the pressure exerted by a single gas in a mixture of gases, reflecting its concentration and influencing gas exchange in the lungs and bloodstream.

How does the partial pressure of O₂ and CO₂ drive the exchange of gasses?

It drives gas exchange by creating gradients; O2 moves from areas of higher partial pressure in the alveoli to lower pressure in the blood, while CO2 diffuses in the opposite direction.

What are the basic differences between pulmonary ventilation, external respiration and internal respiration?

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the movement of air in and out of the lungs, external respiration is the exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood, and internal respiration involves the exchange of gases between the blood and body tissues.

 what other factors influence the amount of O₂ released by hemoglobin?

Factors such as pH, temperature, and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2) influence the amount of O2 released by hemoglobin. Increased CO2 and lower pH conditions enhance oxygen unloading, while higher temperatures can also shift the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve to facilitate oxygen release.

How is CO₂ transported in the blood?

dissolved in plasma, as bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻), and bound to hemoglobin

Which organs of the digestive system come in contact with food?

the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

How does the location of skeletal and smooth muscle tissue vary through the GI tract?

Skeletal muscle is primarily found in the mouth, pharynx, and upper esophagus, while smooth muscle predominates in the stomach and intestines, allowing for involuntary movements and digestion.

Why is voluntary control necessary in the GI tract?

It is necessary in the GI tract to facilitate the swallowing process and enable conscious regulation of the food intake, especially in the mouth and pharynx.

Why is involuntary control necessary in the GI tract?

It ensures that digestion and movement of food through the gastrointestinal tract occur automatically, without conscious effort, allowing for continuous processing and absorption of nutrients.

What organs are involved in swallowing?

The mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and associated muscles that assist in the movement of food.

What differentiates the voluntary and involuntary stages of swallowing?

The voluntary stage involves conscious control to push food into the throat, while the involuntary stage is the automatic reflex that transports food through the esophagus.

Describe the structures of the stomach that are unique.

1. Rugae - folds in the stomach lining that allow for expansion; 2. Pyloric Sphincter - regulates food passage to the small intestine; 3. Fundus - the uppermost region that stores gas; 4. Gastric Glands - contain cells that secrete gastric juices for digestion.

How is pancreatic juice secretion regulated?

It is regulated by hormones such as secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK). Secretin stimulates the release of bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid, while CCK promotes the secretion of digestive enzymes.

What is the function of bile?

It aids in the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine by emulsifying them, allowing for easier breakdown by enzymes.

What is bile made of?

It is composed primarily of bile salts, cholesterol, bilirubin, water, and electrolytes.

How is bile secretion regulated?

It is regulated by hormones such as secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK), which stimulate gallbladder contraction and bile release in response to the presence of fats and acidic chyme in the small intestine.

What is the chemical digestion that takes place in the small intestine?

The process in which enzymes break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into their smaller building blocks, such as sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids, facilitating absorption into the bloodstream.

What is the mechanical digestion that takes place in the small intestine?

The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces through processes such as segmentation and peristalsis, aiding in the mixing of food with digestive enzymes and enhancing nutrient absorption.

What enzymes are involved in digestion in the small intestine?

pancreatic amylase, proteases such as trypsin and chymotrypsin, and lipase, which collectively break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into absorbable units.

How are the end production of carbohydrate digestion absorbed?

The end products of carbohydrate digestion, primarily monosaccharides, are absorbed through the intestinal lining into the bloodstream via active transport and facilitated diffusion.

How are the end production of protein digestion absorbed?

mainly amino acids and small peptides, are absorbed through the intestinal lining into the bloodstream via active transport and facilitated diffusion.

How are the end products of lipid digestion absorbed?

fatty acids and glycerol, are absorbed through the intestinal lining into the bloodstream via passive diffusion and transport proteins.