Unit 3: Contextualizing State Building & The English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution

Contextualizing State Building & The English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution

Agricultural Revolution

Agricultural Revolution

unprecedented increase in agricultural production in Britain due to increases in labor and land productivity between the mid-17th and late 19th centuries.

Crop Rotation

the practice of growing a series of different types of crops in the same area across a sequence of growing seasons.

Little Ice Age

climate interval that occurred from the early 14th century through the mid-19th century

Enclosure

wealthy landowners fenced off common land for private use, upsetting commoners and the public

Bank of England

Chartered by William and Mary, allowed the British government to manage its debt and finance its wars effectively. Leading to the British Navy quadrupling in size.

Cottage Industry

A period in time in which goods for sale were produced on a small scale. Included leather manufacturing, silk weaving, and cotton weaving.

Seed Drill

a device used in agriculture that sows seeds for crops by positioning them in the soil and burying them to a specific depth while being dragged by a tractor

Spinning Jenny

a hand-powered, multi-spindle machine that revolutionized the textile industry during the Industrial Revolution

Mixed Farming

a farming system that involves growing crops and raising livestock on the same farm

Commercial Revolution

a massive economic and cultural shift that began in the mid-Middle Ages. Saw the development of a European economy that was based on trade

Middle Passage

the second leg of the triangular trade route where enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic Ocean to be sold in the Americas

Triangle Trade

a system of transatlantic trade in the 16th century between Europe, Africa, and the Americas

Plantation Economy

an agricultural system that involves the mass production of cash crops on large farms; those crops are then exported for income.

Tariff

a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports.

Mercantilism

a form of economic nationalism that sought to increase the prosperity and power of a nation through restrictive trade practices

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

instituted mercantilist policies to decrease debt and revitalize French industry by creating a favorable balance of trade; to pay for Louis’s wars, the poorer classes were taxed very heavily

Palace of Versailles

A former royal residence commissioned by King Louis XIV located in Versailles. However, in 1789, the French Revolution forced Louis XVI to leave.

Peter the Great

Travelled with the Grand Embassy to see the West and decided that Russia needed to modernize. He then reorganized the church, military, and government

St. Petersburg

“window on Europe” for the Russians

Catherine the Great

She was born as a German Princess but took the throne of Empress of Russia after overthrowing her husband, Peter III. Added 200,000 square miles of territory to Russia

Peter III

Emperor of Russia, he was overthrown by his wife, Catherine II

Pugachev Rebellion

principal revolt in a series of popular rebellions that took place in the Russian Empire after Catherine II seized power in 1762

Thirty Years’ War

Began after King of Bohemia Matthias died without heirs, so his kingdom became Catholic. Bohemians revolted against Catholicism, preferring Calvinism. The series of war were caused by religious motives and a desire to gain territory and power.  purposes. Ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

Peace of Westphalia

Recognized Dutch Independence, Ended the Thirty Years War, and granted religious tolerance to Lutherans and Calvinists in the Holy Roman Empire.

Balance of Power

policy of a nation or group of nations to protect itself against another nation or group of nations by matching its power against the power of the other side.

Gustavus Adolphus

Military genius who developed new strategies and tactics which allowed Sweden to become a power in the Baltic region during the Thirty Years’ War.

Louis XIV

The best example of an absolute monarch, he spent exorbitant amounts of money on a lavish lifestyle (Palace of Versailles) and participated in many wars. He fought wars with the Huguenots, nullifying the Edict of Nantes

Battle of Vienna (1683)

At Kahlenberg Mountain near Vienna, this battle marked the historic end of Ottoman expansion into Europe.

Catalan Revolt

this conflict took place from 1640 to 1659. The Catalans rebelled against the Spanish state's attempts to centralize and Castilianize the country

The Fronde

Represented the final attempt of the French nobility to confront the king (Louis XIV), and ended in its humiliation ; series of civil wars in the Kingdom of France between 1648 and 1653,

Partitions of Poland (Austria, Prussia, Russia)

the lands of Poland were progressively divided and annexed by the neighboring powers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia,

Dutch Golden Age

a period in the history of the Netherlands, roughly spanning the era from 1588 to 1672, when Dutch trade, science, art and the Dutch military were among the most acclaimed in the world.

Dutch Republic

Was established by a Protestant revolt against the Habsburg monarchy, developed an oligarchy of urban gentry and rural landholders to promote trade and protect traditional rights.

Eighty Years’ War

an armed conflict in the Habsburg Netherlands between disparate groups of rebels and the Spanish government (1568-1648).

Union of Utrecht

an alliance between several Dutch provinces and cities that was signed on January 23, 1579. The alliance was formed to fight against Spanish rule and Habsburg prince Philip II

Act of Abjuration

declared independence from Philip II and Spain. 

Oligarchy

a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.

Stadholder

the chief civil officer of the United Provinces of the Netherlands.

Estates-General

a legislative body that formed the Dutch East India Company, which was professionally managed by a board of directors

Rembrandt

Dutch Golden Age painter, printmaker, and draughtsman. Paintings: The Night Watch 1642, Belshazzar’s Feast, 1635

Parliament

The highest legislature, consisting of the sovereign, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. In England, the king operated under the parliament, which were primarily Puritan. The Parliament was used profusely to collect money though taxes and was then dissolved (1628). King Charles called back to them only for it to be dissolved again in (1629).

Elizabeth I

She established England as a Protestant Country. She gave her throne to James VI of Scotland (James I of England) because she did not have an heir.

James VI of Scotland = James I of England

Became the heir to throne of England because Elizabeth I and clashed with the Parliament when becoming the king because of his absolutism idealistic.

Charles I

James I son, he assumed the throne (1625) and married Henrietta Maria opposing the parliament. He had various issues with the parliament leading to a civil war.

Henrietta Maria

Wife of Charles I and Catholic princess of France

“Personal Rule” of Charles I

11-year period where Charles I did not call onto the Parliament

Parliamentarians vs. Royalist

In 1642 A civil war broke out between Parliamentarians and Royalists. Parliamentarians were led by Oliver Cromwell, and they won by executing Charles I in 1649

Oliver Cromwell

Led the Parliamentarians in the Civil war and established the Commonwealth. He was the Lord Protector from 1653-1658

Commonwealth

Commonwealth, also known as Interregnum, was established by Oliver Cromwell when the monarchy had been overthrown. Even though the monarchy was overthrown the Commonwealth consisted of mainly Royalist.

Restoration

In 1685, James II was the King at the time and began illegally appointing Catholics to ecclesiastical and governmental positions. The parliament called William of Orange to dethrone and depose James II

Charles II

In 1660, Parliament restored Charles II to the throne, and he ruled until 1685.

James II

He was Catholic and began illegally appointing Catholics to ecclesiastical and governmental positions

Glorious Revolution

William of Orange deposed James II at the request of parliament and became William III of England with his wife Mary II (1688)

Williams of Orange = William III of England; Mary II of England

Became King William III and reigned with his wife, Mary II, through the acceptance of the Bill of Rights. He established parliamentary sovereignty and constitutional monarchy.

English Bill of Rights

This document protected the rights of gentry and aristocracy from absolutism. The document was accepted by Mary II and William III; it established parliamentary sovereignty and constitutional monarchy