Questionnaires: Pprt 132 LEC

What does insect physiology primarily focus on?

The function of insect structures and organ systems.

What is the insect integument?

The exoskeleton.

What is toxicology?

The study of harmful actions of chemicals on biological tissue.

What does acute toxicity refer to?

Short-term effects of a single high dose.

What does LD50 represent?

The dose causing 50% mortality.

What is apolysis?

The separation of the old cuticle from the epidermis.

What hormone is primarily responsible for molting?

Ecdysone.

Which layer of the epicuticle is primarily responsible for waterproofing?

Wax layer.

What is the primary function of the epidermis in insects?

Secretion of the cuticle.

What is the role of juvenile hormone (JH)?

Maintain juvenile characteristics.

What does the prothoracic gland produce?

Ecdysone.

What does the corpora allata produce?

Juvenile hormone.

What type of circulatory system do insects possess?

Open circulatory system.

What is the primary responsibility of the dorsal vessel in insects?

Blood circulation.

What substance in insects is analogous to blood in vertebrates?

Hemolymph.

What is the hemocoel?

The main body cavity of the insect.

What are spiracles in insects?

Openings for gas exchange.

Which of the following is NOT a type of metamorphosis?

Hypermetabolous.

What is the main function of Malpighian tubules?

Excretion.

What is the primary function of the insect's digestive system?

To process food.

What is an ovariole?

A unit of the ovary where eggs are produced.

What is the function of the spermatheca in female insects?

To store sperm.

What does parthenogenesis entail?

Development of an egg without fertilization.

What does oviparity mean?

Egg-laying.

What is the aedeagus?

The male copulatory organ.

What is the role of the alary muscles?

To pump hemolymph.

Insecticides are classified based on all the following EXCEPT which?

Species of insect they target.

What is the role of an insecticide synergist?

To increase the toxicity of the active ingredient.

What does an MSDS provide information on?

The properties and safety of a pesticide.

What is the MRL (Maximum Residue Limit)?

The maximum amount of pesticide allowed on a crop.

What is the primary mode of action for carbamate insecticides?

Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase.

Organophosphate insecticides were initially developed in relation to:

Research on nerve gas.

What is the primary mode of action of organophosphate insecticides?

Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase.

What is the primary mode of action of endosulfan?

Blockage of GABA receptors.

What is the primary mode of action of pyrethroid insecticides?

Modification of sodium channels.

What is the mode of action of neonicotinoid insecticides?

Competitive modulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

What is the primary mode of action of spinosyns?

Allosteric modulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

What is the primary mode of action of avermectins?

Activation of glutamate-gated chloride channels.

What is the mode of action of juvenile hormone mimics?

Disruption of molting and metamorphosis.

What is the primary target of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins?

The digestive system.

What is a plastron in aquatic insects?

A film of air held by hydrofuge hairs.

What is the main type of reproduction in most insect species?

Bisexual, biparental.

What is the bursa copulatrix?

A genital chamber in females.

What is the function of the accessory glands in the female reproductive system?

Secrete substances for egg shell formation.

What is the name of the functional unit within the testes where sperm are produced?

Follicle.

Which zone within a testis follicle contains spermatogonia?

Germarium.

What is the function of the vas deferens?

Sperm transport.

What is adenoparous viviparity?

Live birth with nourishment from milk glands.

What is thelytoky?

Parthenogenesis producing only females.

What is paedogenesis?

Reproduction by immature stages.

What is polyembryony?

Development of multiple embryos from a single egg.

What is the aorta in the insect circulatory system?

The anterior part of the dorsal vessel.

What are ostia?

Valves in the heart.

What is the perivisceral sinus?

The lower body cavity separated from the pericardial sinus by the dorsal diaphragm.

What is the main function of the ventral diaphragm?

Help perfuse the ventral nerve cord.

What is the composition of hemolymph?

Primarily water, with other components.

What is a major function of hemocytes?

Immune response.

What is a major factor influencing the formulation of insecticides?

The chemical and physical properties of the active ingredient.

What is a diluent in an insecticide formulation?

An inert material that dilutes the active ingredient.

What is the purpose of a synergist in an insecticide formulation?

To increase the effectiveness of the active ingredient.

What is the primary objective of pesticide regulation?

To protect humans and the environment.

What information is contained in a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)?

Detailed chemical and safety information.

What does the term "Maximum Residue Limit" (MRL) refer to?

The maximum amount of pesticide residue legally permitted in food.

What organization assigns common names to pesticide active ingredients?

International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

What is a trade name in relation to insecticides?

The name under which a product is sold.

Which of these is NOT a type of insecticide formulation?

Water-Soluble Solution (WSS).

What is the function of an emulsifier in an emulsifiable concentrate (EC)?

To help disperse the concentrate in water.

What is microencapsulation in the context of insecticide formulations?

Surrounding microscopic droplets of an active ingredient with a polymer coating.

What is a disadvantage of using entomopathogenic fungi as insecticides?

Narrow host range.