evolve patho quiz 1 answers

Which of the following is an example of a physical barrier against injury and infection?

* antibacterial fatty acids
* Lysozymes in tears
* Epithelial cells
* Earwax

epithelial cells

A biochemical substance that attracts leukocytes to the site of inflammation is known as which of the following?

* Carboxypeptidase
* Chemotactic factor
* Fibrin
* Opsonin

chemotactic factor

Which of the following is a characteristic of mast cells?

* They release histamine that causes vasoconstriction.
* They are found only in blood vessels.
* They release histamine that causes inflammation.
* They are not involved in allergic reactions.

they release histamine that causes inflammation

Which is an acidic, sulphur-containing lipid that produces effects similar to histamine?

* Leukotriene
* Prostaglandin
* Adhesion molecule
* Phagocyte

leukotriene

which of the following is a characteristic of neutrophils?

* They are granules in â-defensins.
* They are the predominant phagocytes at the early inflammatory site.
* They are the largest blood cells delivered to the site of injury.
* They enter a wound site after lymphocytes and macrophages.

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they are the predominant phagocytes at the early inflammatory site \n

Biochemical messengers produced by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to a pathogen are called:

* interleukins.
* interferons.
* chemokines.
* tumour necrosis factor.

interleukins

Which cytokine is secreted by macrophages and mast cells and acts to induce fever?

* Interleukin-1
* Interleukin-6
* Interferons
* Tumour necrosis factor-alpha

tumour necrosis factor-alpha

Barriers associated with innate immunity include which of the following? *(Select all that apply.)*

* Physical barriers
* Mechanical barriers
* Biochemical barriers
* Resistance barriers
* Inflammation barriers

physical, mechanical, biochemical

In a patient experiencing inflammation, which of the following characteristics would be observable? *(Select all that apply.)*

Redness

Coolness to the touch

Increased swelling

Pain

Numbness

redness, swelling, pain,

The activation of the complement system includes which of the following? *(Select all that apply.)*

* Antigen
* Classic
* Lectin
* Alternative
* Antibody

classic, lectin, alternative,

The clotting system at the site of injury or inflammation includes which of the following functions? *(Select all that apply.)*

* Plugging damaged vessels and stopping bleeding
* Trapping microorganisms and preventing their spread to adjacent tissues,
* Forming constant bleeding to flush out the microorganism
* Providing a framework for future repair and healing
* Disposing of foreign material at the site of a wound

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plugging damaged vessels and stopping bleeding,

trapping microorganisms and preventing spreading,

providing a framework for future repair and healing,

The proliferation phase of wound healing includes which of the following? *(Select all that apply.)*

* Fibroblast proliferation
* Collagen synthesis
* Neutrophil infiltration
* Epithelialization
* Wound contraction

fibroblast proliferation

collagen synthesis

epithealialzation

wound contraction

how is each complement system triggered?

classic: triggered by antibodies, that are attached to the surface of microbes

alternative: triggered by cell wall polysaccharides, things found on the surface of infectious organisms such as yeast or bacteria.

lectin: lectin proteins made by the liver bind to sugars on microbes called manna’s, activated by several plasma proteins

**The nurse is administering probenecid to a patient with recurrent strep throat. The nurse teaches the patient that the most likely reason for taking this medication is to**

prolong the effectiveness of penicillin therapy.

Besides being used for the treatment of the hyperuricemia associated with gout and gouty arthritis, probenecid is also used for its ability to delay the renal excretion of penicillin, thus increasing serum levels of penicillin and prolonging its effect.

**What is advantage of COX-2 inhibitors over other NSAIDs?**

By not inhibiting the COX-1 enzyme to maintain an intact gastric mucosal barrier by increasing the secretion of mucus, the risks of GI adverse effects are decreased.

**The patient asks the nurse about the use of herbal and dietary supplements to treat arthritis pain. What is the nurse’s best response?**

There is evidence that glucosamine sulphate with chondroitin does decrease joint stiffness and pain. Discuss this with your health care provider.”

**Colchicine exerts its therapeutic effect by what action?**

Decreasing the mobility of leukocytes

Colchicine works by inhibiting the metabolism and migration of leukocytes into joints affected by gout, thus resulting in decreased inflammation.

**The nurse would question a prescription to administer NSAIDs to a patient with which condition?**

Nursing mothers

These drugs are also not recommended for nursing mothers because they are known to be excreted into human milk.

**Which NSAID would the nurse anticipate administering parenterally for the treatment of acute postoperative pain?**

ketorolac (Toradol®)

Ketorolac can be administered by injection (intramuscularly or intravenously) and is indicated for the short-term treatment of moderate to severe acute pain.

**The acetic acid derivative indomethacin (Indocin) has which properties?** *(Select all that apply.)*

anti inflammatory, antipyretic, antirheumatic

**What is the mechanism of action of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?**

Inhibiting prostaglandin production

**When teaching a patient about the potential adverse effects of NSAID therapy, the nurse will teach the patient to immediately notify the health care provider about which effect?**

Black, tarry stools

A major adverse effect of NSAID therapy is gastrointestinal (GI) distress with potential GI bleeding. Black or tarry stools are indicative of a GI bleed.

**Which nursing diagnosis is appropriate for a patient who has been prescribed colchicine***?*

Risk for fluid volume deficiency related to nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

Colchicine is administered on an hourly basis until pain is relieved or until nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea develops. Bleeding into the GI or urinary tracts is a potential serious adverse effect of colchicine.

**A nurse teaching a patient who is receiving allopurinol (Zyloprim®) should give the patient which of the following instructions for taking the medication??**

“Increase your fluid intake to three litres per day.”

Patients taking allopurinol should be told to increase their fluid intake to 3 L per day, avoid hazardous activities if dizziness or drowsiness occurs with the medication, and avoid the use of alcohol and caffeine, because these drugs will increase uric acid levels and decrease the levels of allopurinol.

**The nurse should question a prescription to administer acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) to which patient?**

A 14-year-old patient with a history of flulike symptoms

Aspirin should never be administered to children with flulike symptoms. The use of aspirin for children with flulike symptoms has been associated with Reye’s syndrome.