sadness

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Behaviors that are present that are normally absent, such as psychosis, delusions, and hallucinations.

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Lack of behaviors that are normally present, like lack of emotion, facial expression, and anhedonia.

Main gene associated with schizophrenia

Mutant DISC1.

Heritability chance for schizophrenia in identical twins

50%.

Heritability chance for schizophrenia in fraternal twins/siblings

17%.

Association between schizophrenia and brain ventricles

Enlargement of ventricles is linked to a reduction of brain tissue, increasing susceptibility to schizophrenia and effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs.

Hypofrontality hypothesis

Frontal lobes are underactive, leading to low blood flow in schizophrenia.

Target of chlorpromazine

Dopamine receptors.

Effect of second generation antipsychotics on receptors

Target serotonin receptors.

Which antidepressant has an immediate effect?

Ketamine and psychedelic drugs.

Commonality between BPD and schizophrenia

They share half of their predictive genetic variants.

Brain metabolism during mania

Increased brain metabolism.

Effect of benzodiazepine in PTSD treatment

Binds to GABA(a) receptors, enhancing GABA’s inhibitory actions and blocking emotional stress.

Cortisol levels in PTSD

Decreased levels with a blunted HPA response.

Brain region decreased in PTSD patients

Smaller hippocampus.

Haloperidol action for Tourette’s syndrome

D2 receptor antagonist.

Potential surgery for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Frontal lobotomy and cingulotomy.

Anterograde amnesia

Inability to form memories after the onset of a disorder.

Retrograde amnesia

Loss of memories formed before the onset of amnesia.

Brain region for declarative memory learning

Medial temporal lobe memory system, including the hippocampus.

Patient NA's brain deficits

Dorsomedial thalamus and mammillary body.

Memory type responsible for autobiographical memory

Episodic memory.

Priming

Reduced/changed processing due to prior exposure.

Effect of repeated stimulation on neurotransmission in sea slugs

Decreased neurotransmission.

Reinforcement in operant conditioning

Increases likelihood of a behavior occurring.

Punishment in operant conditioning

Decreases likelihood of a behavior occurring.

Brain region responsible for learning skills

Basal ganglia.

Activated cell for animal movement towards a location

Place cells in the hippocampus.

Brain region for head direction cells

Presubiculum.

Brain region for grid cells

Medial entorhinal cortex.

Briefest recollection of sensory impression

Sensory buffer.

Three learning processes

Encoding, consolidation, retrieval.

Brain region needed for long-term memory storage

Medial temporal lobe and neocortex.

Changes in the brain from animal enrichment

Heavier, thicker cortex; larger cortical synapses; more dendritic branches and spines.

Neurons increased by enrichment

Cholinergic neurons.

Early selection in attention

Filtering occurs at the sensory level.

Late selection in attention

Filtering occurs at the cognitive/cortical level.

Method for measuring brain activity with temporal resolution

EEG.

Failure to perceive unattended stimuli

Inattentional blindness.

Symbolic cueing tasks testing type of attention

Voluntary attention (endogenous).

Conjunction search definition

A search based on two or more features that together distinguish the target.

Brain region responsible for filtering stimuli

Pulvinar.

Brain region responsible for voluntary attention in humans

Intraparietal sulcus (IPS).

System that guides voluntary attention

Dorsal frontoparietal network.

ADHD brain changes

Reduction in gray and white matter, affecting the cerebellum and frontal lobes.