AP BIO NOTES-UNIT 5

Blending Hypothesis

The idea that genetic material from two parents blend together.

Particulate Hypothesis

The idea that parents pass discrete heritable units called genes.

Gregor Mendel

The father of genetics who discovered the basic principles of heredity through experiments with pea plants.

True Breeding Plants

Plants that produce offspring of the same variety when self-pollinated.

Hybrid Offspring

Offspring produced from a cross between two true breeding parents.

F1 Generation

The first generation of offspring from a genetic cross.

Dominant Trait

A trait that is expressed when at least one dominant allele is present.

Recessive Trait

A trait that is only expressed when two recessive alleles are present.

Law of Segregation

The principle stating that the two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation.

Homozygous

Having two identical alleles for a character.

Heterozygous

Having two different alleles for a gene.

Test Cross

A cross between an individual with an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual.

Monohybrid Cross

A genetic cross involving a single trait.

Dihybrid Cross

A genetic cross involving two traits.

Law of Independent Assortment

The principle stating that alleles for different traits segregate independently during gamete formation.

Linked Genes

Genes that are located near each other on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together.

Multiplication Rule

A rule that states the probability of two or more independent events occurring together is the product of their individual probabilities.

What does the Blending Hypothesis suggest?

It suggests that genetic material from two parents blend together.

What is meant by the Particulate Hypothesis?

It refers to the idea that parents pass discrete heritable units called genes.

Who is known as the father of genetics?

Gregor Mendel is known as the father of genetics.

What are True Breeding Plants?

Plants that produce offspring of the same variety when self-pollinated.

What are Hybrid Offspring?

Offspring produced from a cross between two true breeding parents.

What is the F1 Generation?

The first generation of offspring from a genetic cross.

What is a Dominant Trait?

A trait that is expressed when at least one dominant allele is present.

What is a Recessive Trait?

A trait that is only expressed when two recessive alleles are present.

What does the Law of Segregation state?

It states that the two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation.

What is a Test Cross?

A cross between an individual with an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual.

What are alleles?

Different versions of a gene that can exist at a specific locus.

What is genotype?

The genetic makeup of an individual, represented by the alleles they possess.

What is phenotype?

The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, determined by its genotype.

What does homozygous dominant mean?

An individual having two identical dominant alleles for a trait.

What does homozygous recessive mean?

An individual having two identical recessive alleles for a trait.

What does heterozygous mean?

An individual having two different alleles for a gene.

What are sex-linked traits?

Traits that are associated with genes located on sex chromosomes, often displayed differently in males and females.

What is a carrier?

An individual who has one recessive allele for a trait but does not exhibit the trait phenotypically.

What is the difference between dominant and recessive alleles?

Dominant alleles express their traits when present; recessive alleles express traits only when two copies are present.

What is a Punnett square?

A diagram used to predict the genetic outcomes of a cross between two individuals.