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Keystone
: Has a disproportionate, far- reaching impact on species in its ecosystem.
Air bubbles
are trapped each year as layers of ice laid down.
Montreal Protocol
: Gradually eliminating the production and consumption of ozone- depleting substances to limit their damage to the earths ozone layer.
PM lowers
albedo (black soot) causing a cooling effect.
Indicator
: Quickly reflected changes in ecosystems functioning.
Industrialization
happens first→ through fossil fuel combustion in stage 2.
Lacey Act (1900)
: (one of the earliest environmental laws) prohibits the transport of illegally harvested plants and animals.
UV
causes a chlorine atom to break away from the CFC molecule.
Metapopulations
: Spatially separated pops of the same species, interact and interbreed.
Carbon sequestration
: return agricultural lands to pasture /forest.
Greenlands ice loss
: Responsible for nearly one- sixth of the global sea- level rise over the past 20 years.
Kyoto Protocol
: Set goals for global emissions of GHGs to be reduced by 2012.
Copenhagen Amendment
: Accelerated phase- out of CFCs.
Fertilizers
: identification so an increase in N2O.
Umbrella
: The conservation and protection of these species indirectly affect the conservation and protection of other species within their ecosystem.
Deforestation
: less photosynthesis, more CO2 burning releases PM, methane, N2O as well.
Overirrigation
: low O2 so methane- like wetlands.
Biosphere reserves
: contain zones that vary in the allowed amount of impact.
Volcanoes
: ash reflects incoming radiation, so a cooling effect.
Evaporation and Evapotranspiration
: water vapor.
Threatened
Threatened: Likely to become endangered in foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Thermohaline circulation
: freshwater dilutes the ocean and stops salt water from sinking near Greenland.
Coral bleaching
: range of temperature tolerance is small.
greenhouse effect
The is a natural process.
Livestock
: cattle and sheep create methane.
Denitrification
: How we get N2O or nitrogen cycle.
Proxy data
: Preserved physical characteristics of the environment that can stand in for direct measurement.
Decomposition & Digestion
: Dead organic matter is converted into CO2 unless there is not enough O2.
Endangered
Endangered: Danger of extinction within the foreseeable future.
HABITAT
Protecting instead allows the ecosystem to be more flexible /natural.
Ocean acidification
: CO2 dissolves in water to form H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
Biophilia
: inherent genetic kinship with the natural world.
Flagship/Charismatic
: Popular with humans due to their "cuteness, "large size, and /or high intelligence.
Temperature Increases
: Global temperatures have increased on average 1.4F, but regionally up to 4F.
Foraminifera
: different species prefer different temps; very narrow range.
Global warming
: Increase in average temp of earth over time.
Selective Pressures
: Any factors that change the behaviors and fitness of organisms within an environment.
Step 1 of Ozone Formation
O2 + UV-C → O + O
Step 2 of Ozone Formation
O +O2 → O3
Montreal Protocol
Gradually eliminating the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances to limit their damage to the earths ozone layer
Copenhagen Amendment
Accelerated phase-out of CFCs
Worlds largest island
Mostly covered by ice glaciers
Greenlands ice loss
Responsible for nearly one-sixth of the global sea-level rise over the past 20 years
Weather
Short-term changes
Climate
Average weather conditions of a particular area over 30 years or more
Incoming solar radiation
UV and visible light
H2O Vapor
Absorbs more IR than anything else, but does not persist
Volcanoes
ash reflects incoming radiation, so a cooling effect
Decomposition & Digestion
Dead organic matter is converted into CO2 unless there is not enough O2
Denitrification
How we get N2O or nitrogen cycle
Evaporation and Evapotranspiration
water vapor
Fossil Fuels
CO2, methane, N2O
Overirrigation
low O2 so methane-like wetlands
Fertilizers
identification so an increase in N2O
Livestock
cattle and sheep create methane
Deforestation
less photosynthesis, more CO2 burning releases PM, methane, N2O as well
Landfills
Methane
Modern chemicals like CFCs
HCFCs (have replaced CFCs) also GHGs
Global change
Planetary scale changes in Earth systems land, air life, soil, atmosphere, oceans, humans
Global Climate Change
changes in temperature, precipitation, wind, storms, currents, etc
Global warming
Increase in average temp of earth over time
Keeling Cure
First to accurately measure CO2
Temperature Increases
Global temperatures have increased on average 1.4F, but regionally up to 4F
Proxy data
Preserved physical characteristics of the environment that can stand in for direct measurement
Foraminifera
different species prefer different temps; very narrow range
Ocean acidification
CO2 dissolves in water to form H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
Coral bleaching
range of temperature tolerance is small
Thermohaline circulation
freshwater dilutes the ocean and stops salt water from sinking near Greenland
Kyoto Protocol
Set goals for global emissions of GHGs to be reduced by 2012
Reduce emissions
Increase fuel efficiency, renewable energy
Carbon sequestration
return agricultural lands to pasture/forest
Lacey Act (1900)
(one of the earliest environmental laws) prohibits the transport of illegally harvested plants and animals
IUCN Red List
threatened species
Selective Pressures
Any factors that change the behaviors and fitness of organisms within an environment
Metapopulations
Spatially separated pops of the same species, interact and interbreed
Biosphere reserves
contain zones that vary in the allowed amount of impact
Indicator
Quickly reflected changes in ecosystems functioning
Keystone
Has a disproportionate, far-reaching impact on species in its ecosystem
Flagship/Charismatic
Popular with humans due to their "cuteness", large size, and/or high intelligence
Umbrella
The conservation and protection of these species indirectly affect the conservation and protection of other species within their ecosystem
Marine Mammal Protection Act (1972)
Prohibits killing any marine mammals in the US and any import/export of MM body parts
Endangered Species Act (1973)
Authorizes the USFWS to determine which species can be listed as threatened or endangered
Endangered
Danger of extinction within the foreseeable future
Threatened
Likely to become endangered in foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range
Biophilia
inherent genetic kinship with the natural world