Unit 9: Global Change

Keystone

: Has a disproportionate, far- reaching impact on species in its ecosystem.

Air bubbles

are trapped each year as layers of ice laid down.

Montreal Protocol

: Gradually eliminating the production and consumption of ozone- depleting substances to limit their damage to the earths ozone layer.

PM lowers

albedo (black soot) causing a cooling effect.

Indicator

: Quickly reflected changes in ecosystems functioning.

Industrialization

happens first→ through fossil fuel combustion in stage 2.

Lacey Act (1900)

: (one of the earliest environmental laws) prohibits the transport of illegally harvested plants and animals.

UV

causes a chlorine atom to break away from the CFC molecule.

Metapopulations

: Spatially separated pops of the same species, interact and interbreed.

Carbon sequestration

: return agricultural lands to pasture /forest.

Greenlands ice loss

: Responsible for nearly one- sixth of the global sea- level rise over the past 20 years.

Kyoto Protocol

: Set goals for global emissions of GHGs to be reduced by 2012.

Copenhagen Amendment

: Accelerated phase- out of CFCs.

Fertilizers

: identification so an increase in N2O.

Umbrella

: The conservation and protection of these species indirectly affect the conservation and protection of other species within their ecosystem.

Deforestation

: less photosynthesis, more CO2 burning releases PM, methane, N2O as well.

Overirrigation

: low O2 so methane- like wetlands.

Biosphere reserves

: contain zones that vary in the allowed amount of impact.

Volcanoes

: ash reflects incoming radiation, so a cooling effect.

Evaporation and Evapotranspiration

: water vapor.

Threatened

Threatened: Likely to become endangered in foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

Thermohaline circulation

: freshwater dilutes the ocean and stops salt water from sinking near Greenland.

Coral bleaching

: range of temperature tolerance is small.

greenhouse effect

The is a natural process.

Livestock

: cattle and sheep create methane.

Denitrification

: How we get N2O or nitrogen cycle.

Proxy data

: Preserved physical characteristics of the environment that can stand in for direct measurement.

Decomposition & Digestion

: Dead organic matter is converted into CO2 unless there is not enough O2.

Endangered

Endangered: Danger of extinction within the foreseeable future.

HABITAT

Protecting instead allows the ecosystem to be more flexible /natural.

Ocean acidification

: CO2 dissolves in water to form H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

Biophilia

: inherent genetic kinship with the natural world.

Flagship/Charismatic

: Popular with humans due to their "cuteness, "large size, and /or high intelligence.

Temperature Increases

: Global temperatures have increased on average 1.4F, but regionally up to 4F.

Foraminifera

: different species prefer different temps; very narrow range.

Global warming

: Increase in average temp of earth over time.

Selective Pressures

: Any factors that change the behaviors and fitness of organisms within an environment.

Step 1 of Ozone Formation

O2 + UV-C → O + O

Step 2 of Ozone Formation

O +O2 → O3

Montreal Protocol

Gradually eliminating the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances to limit their damage to the earths ozone layer

Copenhagen Amendment

Accelerated phase-out of CFCs

Worlds largest island

Mostly covered by ice glaciers

Greenlands ice loss

Responsible for nearly one-sixth of the global sea-level rise over the past 20 years

Weather

Short-term changes

Climate

Average weather conditions of a particular area over 30 years or more

Incoming solar radiation

UV and visible light

H2O Vapor

Absorbs more IR than anything else, but does not persist

Volcanoes

ash reflects incoming radiation, so a cooling effect

Decomposition & Digestion

Dead organic matter is converted into CO2 unless there is not enough O2

Denitrification

How we get N2O or nitrogen cycle

Evaporation and Evapotranspiration

water vapor

Fossil Fuels

CO2, methane, N2O

Overirrigation

low O2 so methane-like wetlands

Fertilizers

identification so an increase in N2O

Livestock

cattle and sheep create methane

Deforestation

less photosynthesis, more CO2 burning releases PM, methane, N2O as well

Landfills

Methane

Modern chemicals like CFCs

HCFCs (have replaced CFCs) also GHGs

Global change

Planetary scale changes in Earth systems land, air life, soil, atmosphere, oceans, humans

Global Climate Change

changes in temperature, precipitation, wind, storms, currents, etc

Global warming

Increase in average temp of earth over time

Keeling Cure

First to accurately measure CO2

Temperature Increases

Global temperatures have increased on average 1.4F, but regionally up to 4F

Proxy data

Preserved physical characteristics of the environment that can stand in for direct measurement

Foraminifera

different species prefer different temps; very narrow range

Ocean acidification

CO2 dissolves in water to form H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

Coral bleaching

range of temperature tolerance is small

Thermohaline circulation

freshwater dilutes the ocean and stops salt water from sinking near Greenland

Kyoto Protocol

Set goals for global emissions of GHGs to be reduced by 2012

Reduce emissions

Increase fuel efficiency, renewable energy

Carbon sequestration

return agricultural lands to pasture/forest

Lacey Act (1900)

(one of the earliest environmental laws) prohibits the transport of illegally harvested plants and animals

IUCN Red List

threatened species

Selective Pressures

Any factors that change the behaviors and fitness of organisms within an environment

Metapopulations

Spatially separated pops of the same species, interact and interbreed

Biosphere reserves

contain zones that vary in the allowed amount of impact

Indicator

Quickly reflected changes in ecosystems functioning

Keystone

Has a disproportionate, far-reaching impact on species in its ecosystem

Flagship/Charismatic

Popular with humans due to their "cuteness", large size, and/or high intelligence

Umbrella

The conservation and protection of these species indirectly affect the conservation and protection of other species within their ecosystem

Marine Mammal Protection Act (1972)

Prohibits killing any marine mammals in the US and any import/export of MM body parts

Endangered Species Act (1973)

Authorizes the USFWS to determine which species can be listed as threatened or endangered

Endangered

Danger of extinction within the foreseeable future

Threatened

Likely to become endangered in foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range

Biophilia

inherent genetic kinship with the natural world