stereotyping, cultural dimensions, and enculturation sbit

IB Psych HL year 1

stereotype

a generalization about a group of people based on their group membership or physical traits, which can be either positive or negative

out-group homogeneity

we see out-groups as all having similar traits

illusory correlation

when people see a relationship between two variables even when there is none. (Hamilton and Gifford 1976)

confirmation bias

people tend to seek out or remember information that supports the relationship they believe which causes them to overlook information that contradicts what they already believe. (Hamilton and Gifford 1976)

Stereotype threat

the risk of conforming to stereotypes about one's social group, which can negatively impact performance and behavior. (Steele and Aronson 1995 + Spencer et al 1995)

individualism vs collectivism

emphasis on personal achievement, autonomy, and self-expression, with a focus on individual rights and privacy vs. prioritizing social harmony, group membership, and shared responsibility, where interdependence is valued over individual autonomy.

direct tuition

your parents tell you what you are supposed to do

participatory learning

when children engage in an activity and then transfer that learning to later situations

Hamilton and Gifford (1976)

an experiment with 40 American undergraduates to study how group size influences the perception of positive and negative traits. They found that participants associated more negative traits with the smaller minority group (Group B) than with the majority group (Group A), even though both groups had the same proportion of positive and negative behaviors, suggesting that distinctiveness of minority groups may lead to the formation of negative stereotypes.

emic

an inductive approach thru immersion in the culture. goal is to apply the findings to the culture which was studied.

etic

uses standardized tests and theories from their own culture and applies them to the local people