6.2-6.5 US History

Mcgraw Hill 6.2-6.5 Test US History 1

Pardon

Excuses or forgives for someone for an act or crime.

Pocket Veto

The president's indirect veto of a bill by letting a session of Congress expire without signing the bill.

Black Codes

Laws passed in the South just after the Civil War aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit African American workers.

Impeach

To formally charge a public official with misconduct in office.

Carpetbagger

Name given to many Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War and supported the Republicans.

Scalawags

Name given to Southerners who supported Republican Reconstruction of the South.

Graft

Practices, especially bribery, used to secure illicit gains in politics or business; corruption.

Sin Taxes

Federal taxes on alcohol and tobacco.

Tenant Farmer (Sharecropper)

A farmer who works land owned by another and pays rent either in cash or crops.

Crop Lien

An obligation placed on a farmer to repay a debt with crops.

Debt Peonage

The condition of sharecroppers who could not pay off their debts and, therefore, could not leave the property they worked.

Reconstruction plans

Lincoln, Johnson, Radical

Lincoln's Pardon

Southern states needed the pardon to be readmitted into the Union

Radical Reconstruction Plan

Congress passed the Reconstruction Act that abolished the South's new state governments and put them under military rule - except for Tennessee.

Lincoln Plan

Lincoln wanted a swift reunification to show the strength of the government and prevent the South from changing their mind.

General Amnesty

To all Southerners who took oath of loyalty to the Union and accepted the proclamations related to slavery.

Wade Davis Bill

Required the majority of the adult white males in a former Confederate state to take an oath of allegiance to the Union. Moderates were appeased by the exclusion of African American suffrage from the initial Reconstruction bills.

Civil Rights Act

1866 - Congress passes the Civil Rights bill to protect the rights of freed slaves; provided them with citizenship and gave the federal government power to intervene when necessary.

13th Amendment

Banned slavery in the US.

14th Amendment

Defines citizenship to include blacks and required that no state deny any person the equal protection of the laws.

15th Amendment

The right to vote shall not be denied on account of race, color, or national origin.

Freedmen's Bureau

Helps blacks adjust to life as free people, offered food and clothing, and established Howard, Hampton, and other HBCU colleges.

Grant's successes

Included better lives and job opportunities for African Americans, education improvements, and the passing of the Enforcement Act.

Grant's failures

Included the end of Freedmen's Bureau, rise of the KKK, economic crisis, party split and scandals during his presidency.

Panic of 1873

A financial crisis caused by the bankruptcy of banking firm Jay Cooke and Company, leading to economic fear and high unemployment.

Southern response to Reconstruction

The rise of secret societies like the Ku Klux Klan, which aimed to restore Southern power.

Scandals during Grant's presidency

Included the Whisky Ring scandal and bribery involving Secretary of War William Belknap.

HBCUs

Historically Black Colleges and Universities established during Reconstruction to provide education to African Americans.

Reconstruction Act

Legislation that required states to ratify new amendments to be readmitted to the Union.

Northern Teachers

Moved South to teach freed slaves as part of the efforts to assist in their adjustment to freedom.

Economic impact of Panic of 1873

Led to many small banks and businesses closing, stock market plummeting, and high unemployment.

Republican 1874 midterm election failure

Resulted from anger and backlash over military control in the South during Grant's presidency and economic crisis,

Debts of the Confederacy

States had to reject all debts acquired as part of the Confederacy to rejoin the Union.

Radical approach to Reconstruction

The more aggressive stance on Reconstruction taken by Congress compared to Lincoln's approach.

Redeemers or Conservatives

Groups that started taking over the Southern states after the Civil War.

Enforcement Act

Federal crime to interfere with people's right to vote, with federal elections under supervision of federal marshals.

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

A group that used fear and intimidation to stop African Americans and white Republican voters from going to the polls.

Life for newly freed people in the South

African Americans were elected to positions of power, and infrastructure, hospitals, and schools improved.

New South

An economic revitalization in the South characterized by industrialization and better transportation.

Successes of Reconstruction

Rebuilt infrastructure, improved hospitals and education, and better job opportunities for African Americans.

Failures of Reconstruction

Preceived corruption, rise of the KKK, black codes, and military districts.

Election of 1876

Rutherford B. Hayes versus Samuel Tilden; Hayes won the electoral vote due to the Compromise of 1877.

Compromise of 1877

An informal deal to resolve the election dispute, leading to the withdrawal of federal troops from the South and the end of Reconstruction.

Post-Reconstruction South

Living conditions returned to pre-war levels, with blacks losing many civil rights and segregation continuing.

Johnson's Impeachment

Resulted from Johnson firing the secretary of war without Congress' approval, leading to impeachment charges.

Tenure of Office Act

Required Senate approval for the President to remove any government official whose appointment required consent.

Johnson Impeachment Outcome

Johnson was found not guilty by one vote and resumed his presidency with limited power.

Election of 1868

Grant was elected president; Johnson did not run.

Black Republicanism

The term used during the election of 1868 to describe the Republican party's influence.