kin exam review

Osteoporosis

A condition where bones become brittle due to low calcium intake.

Appendicular Skeleton

Composed of 126 bones; includes the mobile limbs such as legs and arms.

Axial Skeleton

Composed of 80 bones; includes mainly the vertebral column.

Long Bones

Bones longer than they are wide, found in arms and legs, support body weight.

Short Bones

About as long as they are wide, provide stability, found in ankles and wrists.

Flat Bones

Thin and flat bones that protect internal organs, like skull and ribs.

Sesmoid Bones

Flat bones embedded in tendons that protect against stress and wear.

Agonist Muscle

The muscle primarily responsible for movement, also called the prime mover.

Antagonist Muscle

The muscle that counteracts the action of the agonist, lengthening when the agonist contracts.

Synovial Joint

A freely moveable joint allowing movement between two or more bones.

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary muscle found in the heart.

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary muscle found in internal organs and blood vessels.

Skeletal Muscle

Voluntary muscle that is attached to bones and enables movement.

Eccentric Contraction

A muscle contraction where the muscle lengthens as it contracts.

Isometric Contraction

A muscle contraction where the muscle length remains the same.

VO2 Max

The maximum rate of oxygen consumption per minute per kilogram during exercise.

Hypertrophy

Increase in muscle size due to exercise.

Atrophy

Decrease in muscle mass due to lack of use.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Capillaries

The smallest blood vessels where gas exchange occurs.

Epiphyseal Plate

The growth plate in a long bone where new bone is formed.

Ligament

Connective tissue that attaches bone to bone at joints.

Tendon

Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

Somatic Reflex

Reflexes that stimulate skeletal muscles.

Golgi Tendon Organ

Sensory receptors that detect tension in tendons.

Stretch Reflex

A muscle reflex that involves a single synapse connection.

Fluid Balance

The equilibrium of fluid intake and output within the body.