Walden University Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam QUESTIONS WITH 100% Accurate solutions +Rationales

What is the link between major depression and cortisol secretion?

Individuals with depression show that persistently elevated plasma cortisol levels can result in inflammation that is believed to trigger depression

A patient has chronic anemia associated with chronic renal failure. What substance does the healthcare professional tell the patient is needed to treat this anemia?

Erythropoietin

What is the first indication of nephrotic syndrome in children?

Periorbital edema

A patient is in the Emergency Department with heat stroke. What finding does the healthcare provider associate with this condition?

Absence of sweating despite a high core temperature

Clinical manifestations that include irregular or heavy bleeding, the

passage of large clots, and the depletion of iron stores support which diagnosis?

Abnormal uterine bleeding

The health care professional is caring for a person who has a pathologic fracture. The patient asks the professional to explain the condition. What response by the professional is best?

A fracture that happens at the site of an abnormality already in that bone.

A patient has a temporary displacement of two bones in a joint causing the bone surfaces to partially lose contact with each other. What treatment does the health care professional prepare the patient for?

Reduction and immobilization

Cystic fibrosis is characterized by which symptom?

Excessive mucus production

Stroke Volume (SV)

measurement of the amount of blood ejected from a ventricle in one contraction

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

disease of the central nervous system characterized by the demyelination (deterioration of the myelin sheath) of nerve fibers, with episodes of neurologic dysfunction (exacerbation) followed by recovery (remission)

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

Minor stroke; where neurological function is regained quickly with time

Myasthenia Gravis

autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles

Headaches

pain anywhere in the cranial cavity (a.k.a. cephalalgia)

Seizure Disorders

Head Injury

Spinal Cord Injury

the type of paralysis is determined by the level of the vertebra closest to the injury

Inflammatory disease of the Musculoskeletal System

Osteoporosis

A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.

Osteopenia

abnormal reduction of bone mass

Bursitis

inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction

Tendinitis

inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint

Gout

a type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints

Lyme Disease

Tick-borne disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.

Spondylosis

a degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function

Fractures

a crack or break in a bone

Parkinson's

A disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement, often including tremors.

Alzheimer's

A progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions.

Osteoblasts

Bone building cells

Osteocytes

a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted.

Osteoclasts

large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

Depression

A prolonged feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and sadness

Bipolar Disorders

disorders marked by alternating or intermixed periods of mania and depression

Schizophrenia Delirium and Dementia

hallucinations

Obsessive Compulsive Disease

OCD

Growth and Development

consistent growth and development controlled by inherited DNA

Normal growth patterns

Scoliosis (ortho)

Kawasaki

acute systemic vasculitis

-inflammation of blood vessels

Alterations in children

Congenital (heart syndrome)

PDAs

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

the unexplained death of a seemingly healthy baby

Asthma

A chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing.

Lead poisoning and effects on neurological functioning

Sickle Cell

an abnormal red blood cell that has a crescent shape and an abnormal form of hemoglobin

Hemophilia

A hereditary disease where blood does not coagulate to stop bleeding

A patient has a temporary displacement of two bones in a joint causing the bone surfaces to partially lose contact with each other. What treatment does the health care professional prepare the patient for?

Reduction and immobilization

Cystic fibrosis is characterized by which symptom?

Excessive mucus production

An infant has gluten-sensitive enteropathy and the parents ask the

healthcare professional to explain why the baby bruises so easily. The professional explains that the baby has which deficit?

Vitamin K deficiency from fat malabsorption

A healthcare professional advises a pregnant woman to add supplements of which nutrient to her diet to prevent birth defects?

Folate

A mother reports that her young teens have voracious appetites. The

healthcare professional would explain that which hormone is linked to an increase in appetite during puberty?

Leptin

Why is nasal congestion a serious threat to young infants?

Infants are obligatory nose breathers.

A student studying osteomyelitis and asks for an explanation of the term sequestrum. What response by the professor is best?

An area of DE vascularized and devitalized bone

Which statement by the healthcare professional accurately describes

childhood asthma?

An obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation

A patient has a spinal cord injury at C4. What should the healthcare

professional assess as the priority in this patient?

Respirations

Which cells function to maintain bone matrix?

Osteocytes

What is the effect of low plasma albumin?

Osmotic pressure decreases; thus water moves from

the capillaries to the interstitium

Which immunoglobulin (Ig) is present in childhood asthma?

IgE

Which mother does the healthcare professional prepare to administer Rh immune globulin (Rho-GAM) to?

Is Rh-negative and the baby is Rh-positive

A parent brings a 10-year-old child to the clinic and reports a mottled appearance to the skin and legs cramps when the child is in physical education class. Physical assessment positive for upper extremity hypertension. What diagnostic testing or treatment does the healthcare professional prepare the family for?

An echocardiogram

In order to help prevent a preadolescent girl from developing later cervical cancer, which virus does the healthcare professional recommend vaccination against to the parent?

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Which pain theory proposes that a balance of impulses conducted from the spinal cord to the higher centers in the central nervous system (CNS) modulates the transmission of pain?

Gate control theory (GCT)

A newborn baby displays jaundice 20 hours after birth. What action by the healthcare professional is most appropriate?

Draw blood to measure total bilirubin

What causes the vasomotor flushes (hot flashes) that are associated with declining ovarian function with age?

Rapid changes in estrogen levels

In acute hypothermia, what physiologic change shunts blood away from the colder skin to the body core

Peripheral vasoconstriction

How does the epididymis become infected?

The pathogenic microorganisms ascend the vasa deferentia from an already infected urethra or bladder.

What are the clinical manifestations of testicular cancer?

Firm, nontender testicular mass

A healthcare professional is discussing breast feeding with a pregnant woman. Which beneficial substance does the professional tell the mother is found in breast milk?

IgA

The disruption in cellular adhesion observed in bullous impetigo is caused by an exfoliative toxin related to which organism?

Staphylococcus aureus

A patient has been exposed to prolonged high environmental temperatures and now shows signs of dehydration, decreased

plasma volumes, hypotension, decreased cardiac output, and tachycardia. What treatment does the healthcare professional prepare to administer to this patient?

Give the patient plenty of cool fluids to drink

A woman who is positive for hepatitis B is in labor. What action by the healthcare professional is most appropriate?

Immunize the newborn within 12 hours

A healthcare professional is planning a community event to reduce risk of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) in high risk groups. Which group would the professional target as the priority?

Hypertension

A pregnant woman is seen for the first time at 6 months' gestation and has not taken prenatal vitamins. The healthcare professional educates the woman on the need for a blood test specifically to

assess what substance?

a-Fetoprotein

A healthcare professional is seeing a patient with suspected schizophrenia. For which prenatal occurrence should the professional assess?

Viral infection

What congenital malformation is commonly linked to acute leukemia in children?

Down syndrome

Parents bring their 1-year-old child to the emergency department, reporting that the child has been irritable and pounding on her head, has projectile vomiting, and seems very sleepy for most of the last 3 days. What diagnostic testing does the healthcare professional prepare the child and parents for as the priority?

Lumbar puncture with CSF cultures

A patient in the hospital has been receiving heparin injections. The platelet count on admission was 222,000/mm 3 and four days later is 113,000/mm 3. What action by the healthcare professional is best?

Switch the heparin to lepirudin

A healthcare professional works with recent refugees. A mother brings in her children who have been diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. What action by the professional is most appropriate?

Arrange to test for parasitic infections.

Which patient finding would lead the health care professional to assess the patient for inflammatory joint disease?

Systemic symptoms of inflammation

A student asks the professor what the most common pathophysiologic process is that triggers aplastic anemia (AA). What response by the professor is most accurate?

Autoimmune disease against hematopoiesis by activated cytotoxic T (Tc) cell

A student is learning about pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). What information does the student clarify with a study partner as being correct?

Such an inflammation may result in permanent changes to the ciliated epithelium of the fallopian tubes.

A patient in the healthcare clinic reports fatigue, weakness, and dyspnea, as well as pale conjunctiva of the eyes and brittle, concave nails. What assessment by the healthcare professional is most appropriate for the suspected anemia?

Oral mucus membranes and tongue

A patient is 8 hours postoperative after a long orthopedic procedure. The student asks why this patient is at particular risk of developing a thromboembolism. What response by the healthcare professional is best?

Patients tend to have venous stasis from orthopedic

operations

A healthcare professional suspects a patient is brain dead. How would the professional assess for brain death?

Remove the patient's ventilator to see if spontaneous breathing occurs.

An adult patient has been hospitalized with thrombocytopenia with a platelet count of 8000/mm 3. What action by the healthcare professional is most appropriate?

Tell the patient not to get out of bed without assistance

A child with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is voiding smoky, brown-colored urine and asks the healthcare professional to explain what causes it. What explanation by the professional is best?

Presence of red blood cells

A patient has pernicious anemia and asks the healthcare professional to explain the disease. Which statement by the professional is most accurate?

Your body cannot absorb vitamin B 12.

In immunoglobulin G (IgG) nephropathies such as glomerulonephritis, IgG is deposited in which location?

Glomerulus basement membranes

A child has iron deficiency anemia. In addition to iron supplements, what else does the healthcare professional educate the parents on giving the child?

Vitamin C

When are childhood cancers most often diagnosed?

At peak time of physical growth

Without prior exposure to an antigen, which cells are able to destroy some types of tumor cells and some virus-infected cells?

Natural killer (NK) cells

A patient has hepatomegaly, bronze-colored skin, and cardiac dysrhythmias. What condition does the healthcare professional prepare to teach the patient about?

Pernicious anemia

How should the healthcare professional reply when parents question why a computed tomographic (CT) scan of the head was not ordered for their 5-year-old child after a minor fall?

Research suggests that repeated CT scans can increase the risk of developing brain cancer

A healthcare professional is trying to lower a patient's body temperature by convection. What action by the professional will accomplish this?

Obtain a fan and set it to blow over the patient.

A patient has primary immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and is

hospitalized after a bleeding episode. What treatment does the healthcare provider anticipate being ordered for this patient?

Infusion of IVIG

A student

reads in a chart that a child has been diagnosed with mixed precocious puberty and asks for an explanation. What explanation by the healthcare professional is most accurate?

What early puberty has signs of physical and hormonal abnormalities

A woman attempting to conceive tells the healthcare professional that she and her partner have intercourse when her basal body temperature (BBT) is around 37˚C (98˚F) without getting pregnant. What information does the professional give the woman?

Temperature alone is not the most accurate way to predict ovulation

A student reads in a chart that a baby was born with an encephalocele. The student asks the healthcare professional to explain this condition. What explanation by the healthcare professional is best?

A herniation or protrusion of brain and meninges through a defect in the skull

A student asks the healthcare professional why researchers are trying to link specific genes to specific asthma phenotypes. What response by the professional is best?

It can lead to personalized approaches to treatment.