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Memory
Collection of information and experiences stored in our brain for later retrieval.
Information processing approach
Suggests that our memory works similarly to having our own administrative assistant.
Richard Atkinson
Co-created a model for memory in 1968, focusing on structural and malleable parts.
Richard Shiffrin
Co-created a model for memory in 1968, emphasizing three types of memory:sensory, working, and long term.
Sensory memory
Brief retention of sensory stimulation; everything enters here first.
Short term memory
Slightly longer duration than sensory memory, with a much lower capacity; now known as working memory.
Long term memory
Allegedly has unlimited capacity; memories are transferred here through repetition and meaningfulness.
Masking
New visual information pushes out old visual information; visual memory lasts only half a second.
Serial processing
One stage of memory is processed at a time.
Parallel processing
Some memory processes can occur simultaneously.
Connectionist models of memory
Suggest interconnected networks in the brain made up of neurons.
Parallel distributed processing model
Memories are constructed through patterns of activation among neurons.
Working memory
Allows for manipulation of information for complex tasks and temporary storage.
Maintenance rehearsal
Repeating information to keep it in short term memory.
Decay
Information disappears over time; memories decay quickly.
Interference
New information interferes with the retention of old information in short term memory.
Chunking
Strategy of combining small units of information into larger, meaningful units.
Semantic coding
Processing information based on its meaning; retained longer than visual or auditory information.
Explicit memories
Memories of which we are consciously aware.
Implicit memories
Information retained without conscious awareness.
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Temporary inaccessibility of a memory despite conscious effort to retrieve it.
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory.
Free recall
Pulling information directly from long term memory without cues.
Cued recall
Using retrieval cues to access information; easier than free recall.
Serial position effect
Tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list.
Encoding specificity
Information is encoded with its context, improving recall when the contexts match.
Flashbulb memories
Vivid and accurate memories of emotionally significant events.
Reconstructive memory
The act of remembering involves reconstructing previous events.
Source monitoring
Determining the origins of our memories.
Misinformation effect
New information modifies existing memories.
Forgetting curve
We forget most things quickly, but the rate levels off after a few days.
Proactive interference
Previously learned information interferes with new information.
Retroactive interference
New information makes it difficult to remember older memories.
Retrograde amnesia
Loss of past memories, often due to injury.
Anterograde amnesia
Difficulty in forming new long-term memories.
Engram
Physical memory trace in the brain.
Long term potentiation (LTP)
Strengthening of neural connections as a result of repeated activation.
Neuroplasticity
The brain's ability to change as a result of experience.
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