Mexico

In what ways did Díaz exemplify the classic strongman in Latin American politics?

He secured loyalty by dividing factions, offered incentives for support, ruthlessly eradicated opposition, improved the economy, placated the middle class, facilitated land purchases by wealthy landowners, and displaced peasants.

What were the differing visions of Madero, Zapata, and Villa for Mexico's future?

Madero sought political liberty without major social and land reforms while Zapata and Villa advocated for radical redistribution of land to peasant and indigenous communities.

What was 'the Pact of the Embassy' and its significance?

A conspiracy involving Huerta to overthrow Madero, signed in the U.S. ambassador's office, reflecting divisions in revolutionary factions in Mexican politics.

Who were the Conventionistas and Constitutionalistas?

Conventionistas, led by Zapata and Villa, aimed for land redistribution; Constitutionalistas, led by Carranza and Obregón, focused on liberal reforms without widespread social change.

How did the Mexican civil war lead to a vendetta against American forces and shape Pancho Villa's image?

Villa's defeat in Celaya led to his vendetta against Americans, resulting in raids and a heroic image of him as a guerrilla fighter dedicated to his cause.

What did Carranza's new constitution accomplish?

It allowed land confiscation from wealthy owners, guaranteed workers' rights, limited the Catholic Church's powers, and granted dictatorial powers to the president.

How did Lázaro Cárdenas fulfill the promises of the 1917 constitution after 1934?

He strengthened labor unions, nationalized the oil industry, and redistributed over 70,000 miles of land.

What is the lasting legacy of the Mexican Revolution?

It ended dictatorship, established worker rights, initiated reforms, reduced the Catholic Church's power, influenced future revolutions, and shaped contemporary politics through national myths.