Mexico

In what sense was Díaz emblematic of the classic strongman in Latin American politics?

• Secured loyalty by dividing and conquering mexicos different factions

  • Offering incentives to those who would follow him

• Ruthless eradicated any opposition that surfaced

• Authority based on platform that he was improving economy

  • Friend to middle class who gained wealth during his rule

• Facilitated wealthy landowners and foreign landowners to buy mexicos land

• Take communicable spaces from poor and indigenous peasantry and force them to buy cash crops

• Quarter of land was in hands of foreign investors

How did the visions of Madero, Zapata, and Villa for the future of Mexico differ?

• Madero believed in return to political liberty 

  • Did not endorce sweeping social and land reforms other revolutionary sought

• Zapata and villa were champions of peasant and indigenous communities

  • Wanted radical redistribution of land from landowners to villagers themself 

  • Madero didnt wanna do it

• Maderos early reform attempts too radical for conservatives but not extreme enough for revolutionaries

  • Overthrown after 15 months and executed

What was "the Pact of the Embassy" and how did it reflect a theme of Latin American politics?

• Deal for huerta to conspire with other factions to overthrow madero is known as pack of the embassy

  • Signed in office of US ambassador henry lane wilson

• Found figure to unite against huerta

  • His rule only lasted for a year

  • Revolution split into fighting and who should take power

Who were the the Conventionistas and the Constitutionalistas? What were their respective goals?

• Conventionistas 

  • Led by Zapata and villa

  • Persisted with ambitious aims to redistribute land

• Constitutionalistas

  • Led by Venustiano carranza and alvaro obregon

  • Believed in primacy of liberal reforms with no real zeal for widespread changes in countries social structure

How did a civil war in Mexico bubble into a vendetta against American forces? How did this episode shape a romantic view of Pancho Villa?

• Battle in april 1915 in celaya

  • Obregons forces routed villa

  • Villa blamed defeat on woodrow wilsons support on carranza and obregons faction

• Started vendetta against americans in broder region

  • Executed 17 US citizens 

  • Raided new mexico at columbus

  • Prompted wilson to send general john j pershing with small force to pursue villas bandits

• Image of villa

  • Cornered and defeated but still fights on 

    • Dedicated

    • Small group of desperados engaging in guerrilla warfare

    • Unwilling to give in

  • Heroic image dubbed centaur of the north

What did Carranza's new constitution achieve?

• Gave government right to confiscate land from wealthy landowners

• Guaranteed workers rights

• Limited catholic churchs rights

• Gave dictatorial powers to president

• Many promises in constitution werent carried out until lazaro cardenas came into office 

How did Lázaro Cárdenas help realize the promises of the 1917 constitution after he became president in 1934? What transpired during the intervening years?

• Strengthened labor unions

• Nationalized oil industry

• Redistributed over 70k miles of land

What is the lasting legacy of the revolution? How do national myths dating to the revolutionary period continue to shape contemporary politics in Mexico?

• Ended dictatorship that went before

• Enshrined many worker rights

• Initiated social and political reforms

• Reduced power of catholic church

• Significant influence on other revolutions tht followed in latin america in 20th century

• PRI (institutional revolutionary party) dominated politics to present day

  • Gained political authority by invoking national myths

    • Villa zapata madero and carranza

    • United revolutionaries despite disagreements