Aphasia Test 2- Alexia and Dysgraphia and AFROM

Alexia

An acquired disorder characterized by difficulty reading and understanding printed language

Subtypes of Alexia

peripheral alexia: visual system
Central alexia: reading systems - often co ocurring with aphasia

Peripheral Alexia: Pure Alexia

impairment in the parallel identification and process of letters in written words. letter by letter reading

Peripheral Alexia: Neglect Alexia

impairment in correctly identifying initial or final letters in words. failure at letter analysis

Peripheral Alexia: Attentional Alexia

Incorrect productions of letters in words as the result of interference from other letters in the word. ie tall for talk

Peripheral Alexia: Visual Alexia

production of a word that is visually similar to the target word. ie. tall for tail

Central Alexia: Surface Alexia

Impaired reading of irregularly spelled words with relativity intact reading of regularly spelled real and fake words. Associated with fluent aphasia

Central Alexia: Deep Alexia

impaired fake word reading in conjunction with the production of semantic and visual errors in oral reading. associated with non fluent aphasia
impaired
pseudoword reading (rode for roze); semantic errors in oral reading (apple for banana); visual errors in oral reading (table for cable); morphological errors in oral reading (baking for baked); an imageability effect (can understand rose before happy because you can visualize it); and a part-of-speech effect

Central Alexia: Phonological Alexia

impaired fake word reading in conjuction with the absence of semantic reading errors. Impaired fake words (rode for roze) and visual errors in oral reading (table for cable) Associated with no or mild aphasia

Alexia Treatment

Oral reading techniques, supported reading, parallel processing of letters, multiple oral rereading

Agraphia

impairment or loss of the ability to write.-neurological classification

pure agraphia

no other language problems. soley issues with writing

agraphia with alexia

no spoken language problems but agraphia and alexia

Aphasic agraphia

Brocas (telegraphic writing, poor grammar, graphene production), conduction (poor spelling, real words better than non-words), Wernickes (written language doesn't make sense, misspellings)

apraxic agraphia

motor limb apraxia. Hard time writing letters, holding the pencil

Spatial agraphia

hard time with margins, line directions, extra letters

dysgraphia

neuropsychological classification

Peripheral dysgraphia

letter selection and production problem

Peripheral dysgraphia: Allographic

bad letter shape selection and oral spelling - uppercase vs lowercase

Peripheral dysgraphia: apraxic

motor issues for letter formations. Plans and programming. Difficulties holding the pencil

Peripheral dysgraphia: motor nonapraxic

Little writing. Hard time writing with the right amount of force on the paper ie.parkinsons disease

Peripheral dysgraphia: spatial or afferent

hard time writing on the line, neglect duplicate or omit words/letters

Central dysgraphia

impairments in the central spelling route

Central dysgraphia: lexical or surface

struggle to spell irregular words or words with multiple meanings. Can spell phonetic words

Central dysgraphia: Deep

issues with semantic meanings behind words. Phonological errors

Central dysgraphia: phonological

cant spell non words. Struggle turning phonemes into graphemes

Central dysgraphia: Semantic

issues with spontaneous writing and written naming. Can write what you're saying

ways to treat dysgraphia

strengthening lexical route (whole word to semantic meaning), Graphemic buffer impairment (transition of phonemes to graphemes, self correction), Peripheral dysgraphia: improving the letter and word production ( writing bigger, following the margins)

A-FROM- Framework for outcome measurements

Identity: How does this person view their future? Themselves?
Severity of the aphasia: impairment, auditory comprehension, reading, writing (what SLPS are trained to focus on)
Environment: what are the services available
Attitudes of others: how do those surroundings address people with aphasia
Participation in life citations: what's important to the person with aphasia? Do they enjoy painting? Volunteering? Motivating factors
Conversation: back and forth. What is and isn't working in conversation? Is the partner being patient? Are they jumping in?