Memory - Encoding Memories

Effortful Processing

type of memory encoding that requires active work and attention to embed information into long-term memory.

• Actively focusing on and thinking about the material.

Automatic Processing

the unconscious encoding of information about space, time, frequency, and well-learned tasks.

• Information is processed automatically without deliberate attention.

Levels of Processing Model

The levels of processing model proposes that the depth of thinking about information determines how well it is remembered. Deeper processing creates more meaningful connections in the brain, increasing the likelihood of later recall.

Shallow Encoding

a basic level of processing that focuses on surface characteristics of information, such as the sound or appearance of words, without engaging with its meaning.

• Involves Minimal Attention: Relies on repetition or simple recognition.

• Leads to Fragile Memories: Results in memories that are less likely to be retained over time.

Structural

type of shallow processing that focuses on the physical structure of information.

Phonemic

shallow processing that focuses on the auditory aspects of information.

Deep Encoding

involves thoroughly processing information by focusing on its meaning and connecting it to existing knowledge. This type of encoding:

• Analyzes the significance and implications of information.

• Creates durable and easily retrievable memories.

Chunking (Grouping)

memory strategy that involves grouping individual pieces of information into larger, meaningful units (think of the phone number having dashes). This technique helps to:

• By organizing information into chunks, more items can be held in short-term memory.

• Makes it easier to remember and retrieve information by reducing cognitive load.

Categories (Grouping)

method of organizing information by grouping related items together into categories. This process enhances memory by:

• Helps structure information in a more logical way.

• Makes it easier to access information through associated links between items within the same category.

Hierarchies (Grouping)

organizing information into a system of ranked categories or levels. This method enhances memory by:

• Facilitates efficient search and recall through a structured format.

• Helps in understanding complex relationships between concepts by viewing them in a layered approach.

Mnemonics

techniques used to improve memory. They help in recalling information by associating it with simple cues like patterns, vivid images, or rhymes.

• These tools make it easier to retrieve information from memory by providing a mental shortcut.

Method of Loci

mnemonic technique that involves associating items to be remembered with specific physical locations. It enhances memory by:

• Links information to visual representations of familiar locations.

• Allows for retracing the mental path through these locations to retrieve the associated information.