BIO EXAM

Integumentary System

The skin serves as a protective layer for the body.

Celia in the skin

Sweeps away particles until they are expelled.

Mucous membranes

Sticky fluid that traps particles.

Gastric juices

Kill most of the bacteria you swallow.

Plasma

The liquid component of blood, consisting of 52% water and 3% proteins and electrolytes.

Cellular elements

Make up 44% of blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

White Blood Cells

Produced in red bone marrow and play a crucial role in the immune response.

Innate immune response

Immediate and consists of physical barriers, inflammation, and generalized responses.

Adaptive immune response

Slower, involves recognizing specific invaders and generating a tailored response.

Antigens

Substances that can trigger an immune response.

Memory cells

B and T cells that help remember and recognize antigens.

Allergic reactions

Occur when a harmless substance enters and B cells make an antibody; histamine is released.

Menopause

The time when ovaries secrete fewer hormones and menstrual cycles decrease.

Zoonotic disease

A disease that can be transmitted between animals and humans.

Pandemic

When an epidemic spreads to more than one continent.

Herd immunity

When a sufficient proportion of a population is vaccinated, inhibiting the spread of a pathogen.

Artificial Active Immunity

Vaccines that expose the immune system to an antigen and stimulate memory cells.

Spillover event

When a virus overcomes barriers to infect a different species.

Epididymis

Where sperm matures after being produced in the testes.

Clonal selection

The process by which a particular lymphocyte is activated and multiplies to create an army of cells.

Fibrin

Protein that forms a netting to capture red blood cells during blood clotting.

Complement system

A part of the immune system that labels and destroys pathogens.

Eosinophils

White blood cells that release chemicals to reduce inflammation.

Natural Killer Cells

Cells that recognize and destroy tumor or virus-infected cells.

Cervix

The region leading to the vagina that protects internal female reproductive organs.

Prostate gland

Gland that produces a fluid that nourishes and transports sperm.

Rabies

A viral disease affecting mammals, transmitted primarily through bites.

complement system

An understanding of the movement of organisms across ecosystems affecting health.

Fecal-oral transmission

Transmission route of diseases such as cholera and hepatitis.