AP European History - Time Period 2 (1648-1815)

Flashcards on Time Period 2 (1648-1815) of European History

Divine Right

The belief that monarchs have absolute authority because God gave them the right to rule.

English Civil War (1642-1649)

A series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists over the manner of England's governance.

Stuart Restoration (1660)

The Re-establishment of the monarchy in England with Charles II after the period of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell.

Glorious Revolution (1689)

The overthrow of King James II of England by a union of English Parliamentarians with William III of Orange.

Constitutional Monarchy

A system of government in which a monarch shares power with a constitutionally organized government.

Edict of Nantes (1598)

Issued by Henry IV of France, it granted Protestants the right to practice their religion in 150 cities.

Louis XIV

The King of France who established absolute authority, known as the 'Sun King.'

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Louis XIV's financial advisor who believed in mercantilism.

Treaty of Utrecht (1713)

Allowed Philip of Anjou to inherit the Spanish throne but not combine it with France.

Absolutism in Austria

Consolidation of Habsburg rule and expansion into Eastern Europe after losing authority in Central Europe.

Absolutism in Prussia

Unification of provinces under Frederick I and transformation into a military state under Frederick William I.

Ivan the Terrible (Ivan IV)

The Russian ruler who expanded territories and decreased rights of serfs.

Peter the Great (Peter I)

The Russian Tsar who sought to Westernize Russia and gain access to the Baltic Sea.

Janissaries

Christian boys recruited into the Ottoman army.

Heliocentric Model

The astronomical model in which the Sun is assumed to lie at or near a central point (e.g., of the solar system or of the universe) while the Earth and other planets revolve around it.

Galileo Galilei

An astronomer who used experimentation and the scientific method to make discoveries, discovering the law of inertia.

Isaac Newton

Studied forces of the universe. Created law of universal gravitation, published his ndings in Principia Mathematica

Empiricism

The idea that new discoveries require evidence from experimentation instead of speculation (using reason instead of concrete experiments)

Deism

The belief that God created the universe but doesn't intervene in its affairs.

Philosophes

Enlightenment philosophers who sought to use rational reasoning to promote human progress.

John Locke

Enlightenment thinker who believed all men have rights of life, liberty, pursuit of property.

Enlightened Absolutism

Monarchs who consolidated power but gave basic liberties to their subjects.

Cameralism

The German form of mercantilism. Believed in more centralization of economy

Maria Theresa

The Queen of Austria who imposed reforms to strengthen her state and limited religious influence.

Catherine the Great

The Empress of Russia who sought to impose Western standards and enlightenment principles.

Open-Field System

Farming system in which fields were divided into three plots, with only two cultivated to replenish nutrients.

Industrious Revolution

Transition to the putting-out system where merchants supplied raw materials to rural workers.

Putting-Out System

A system where urban merchants would give raw materials to rural workers to make textiles. The rural workers would give the nished textiles to urban merchants for a small wage

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who advocated for free-market economics.

Nuclear Family

Household consisting only of parents and children.

Romanticism

Artistic and literary movement meant to undo the changes made by the Enlightenment.

Navigation Acts (1651)

Issued by Oliver Cromwell: All British imports must come on British ships

Creoles

Descendants of Europeans in the Americas.

Estates General

The parliamentary body in France with Clergy, Nobility, Commoners.

National Assembly

Formed by the Third Estate, advocating for a constitutional monarchy with civil liberties.

Reign of Terror

The period during the French Revolution when Robspierre used guillotine to execute everyone who opposed the Convention

Napoleon Bonaparte

A military general who overthrew the Directory and established the Consulate.

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of the Quadruple alliance against Napoleon to restore European balance of power.

Enlightenment Ideals

The French revolution ideals spread to Haiti, sparking the Haitian revolution, the world's rst successful slave revolt.