Chemistry Final Test Review

Final Test Review for Chemistry

Kinetic energy

Energy of motion.

Intermolecular forces (IMFs)

Forces that mediate interaction between molecules.

Melting point

Temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid.

Freezing point

Temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid.

Boiling point

Temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas.

Condensation point

Temperature at which a gas becomes a liquid.

Heating curve

Graph showing temperature change as heat is added.

Plateau (phase change region)

Region on a heating curve where temperature remains constant.

Covalent bond

Bond formed by sharing electrons between nonmetals.

Ionic bond

Bond formed by the transfer of electrons from metal to nonmetal.

Metallic bond

Bond where metal atoms share a 'sea of electrons.'

Polar molecule

Molecule with an uneven distribution of charge.

Nonpolar molecule

Molecule with an even distribution of charge.

Electronegativity

Atom's ability to attract electrons.

Valence electrons

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.

Octet rule

Atoms tend to form bonds until they have eight electrons in their valence shell.

VSEPR theory

Theory used to predict the shape of molecules based on electron pair repulsion.

Lone pair

Pair of valence electrons not involved in bonding.

Symmetrical charge distribution

Equal distribution of charge across a molecule.

Asymmetrical charge distribution

Unequal distribution of charge across a molecule.

London dispersion forces

Weak intermolecular forces arising from temporary dipoles.

Dipole-dipole forces

Attractive forces between polar molecules.

Hydrogen bonding

Strong intermolecular force between hydrogen and electronegative atoms (N, O, F).

Proton

Positively charged particle found in the nucleus.

Neutron

Neutral particle found in the nucleus.

Electron

Negatively charged particle found in the electron cloud.

Neutral atom

Atom with equal numbers of protons and electrons.

Ion

Atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to loss or gain of electrons.

Electron cloud

Region around the nucleus where electrons are likely to be found.

Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)

Theory stating that all particles are in constant motion.

States of Matter

Different forms in which matter can exist: solid, liquid, gas.

Gas Behavior

Describes how gases behave under various conditions.

Temperature

Measure of average kinetic energy of particles.

Gas pressure

Force exerted by gas particles colliding with container walls.