AP Human Geography: Unit 7 ~ Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes ~

AP Human Geography: Unit 7 ~ Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes ~

Industrial revolution (causes)

New tech (to ship and make goods), demand for goods, capital (money from investors given to business), labor surplus (farmers not needed due to new tech)

Industrial revolution (Origin)

18th century Britain

Industrial revolution (Diffusion)

Began in England (1733), England and parts of France (1826), then France and American, spreads out from there (East Asia)

Industrial revolution (Effects)

increased production and efficiency, lower prices, more goods, improved wages, and rural to urban migration

Economic sectors

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary, and Quinary

Primary sector

anything that has to do with harvesting or extracting raw materials (ex: farming, fishing, mining, etc.)

Secondary sector

industries involved in transforming raw materials into finished products (ex: making a desirable product in a factory)

Tertiary sector

anything that has to do with the sale or exchange of goods (ex: waiter, cashiers, etc.)

Quaternary sector

activities that involve the creation and distribution of knowledge and information (ex: jobs that deal with other peoples money)

Quinary sector

decision making and policy making and other sectors of economy (ex: jobs with high levels of administration)

Break of bulk point

a location where the transfer of goods from one mode of transportation to another takes place

Weber’s least cost theory

all major corporations make decisions about where to have their production and manufacturing facilities based on the least possible combination of costs, so as to get the greatest profit

Bulk gaining

make products that weigh more after assembly than before assembly (ex: automobiles, coca cola, etc.)

Bulk reducing

make products that weigh less after assembly than before assembly (ex: copper concentration and steel making)

Market oriented factories

locates it’s manufacturing centers close to them market (cost to make it < transportation to market)

Labor intensive industries

An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percent of total expenses

International division of labor

the concept that corporations can draw from labor markets around the world. This is made possible by innovations in transportation and communication systems that compress time and space. 

Agglomeration

grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for a collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources

Growth poles

a specific area or sector that drives economic development of a region

Just in time delivery

a method of managing inventory that provides products only as they are needed, rather than storing them

Outsourcing/Offshoring

process of moving Industrial production or service industries to external facilities or organizations often out of the country

Maquiladoras

export-processing cities in northern Mexico, near the U.S. border, that are owned by foreign corporations.

Post fordist methods of production

a shift in the way goods are produced characterized by a move away from mass production and towards more flexible, customized production methods

Multiplier effects

how many times money spent circulates through a country’s economy

Economies of scale

the reduction in there per unit cost of production as the volume of production increases

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

the total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a country during a specific time period (usually annually)

Gross national product (GNP)

a metric used to measure a country's economic output, and is the total value of all products and services produced by a country's citizens in a year, including those generated from its investments abroad.

Gross national income (GNI) per Capita

the total monetary value, in U.S. dollars, of all the goods, services, and investments produced by a country in a year

The human development index (HDI)

measures the status of life in any given place based on life expectancy, education levels, and income per capita

Gender development index (GDI)

measures gender inequalities in achievement in 3 basic dimensions of human development, health, female and male life expectancy at birth and how many years of education

Gender inequality index (GII)

a composite metric of gender inequality using 3 dimensions, reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market

Rostow’s stages of economic growth

1. traditional society 2. Pre conditions for take off 3.Take off 4. Drive to maturity 5. High mass consumption

Wallerstein’s world system theory

divides countries of the world into 3 groups based on political power, social standing, and economic and tech development

Dependency theory

lower developed countries are highly dependant on foreign factories and tech from more developed countries to provide employment and infrastructure

Core-Periphery model

explains regional inequalities by suggesting that core regions accumulate economic wealth and resources, while Periphery regions experience a lack of investment and development

Economic complementaries

actual or potential relationship between 2 places usually referring to economic interactions

Absolute advantages

the ability of an actor to produce more of a good or service than a competitor

Comparative advantage

the ability of an actor to produce a good or service for a lower opportunity cost than a competitor

free trade agreements

goal is to increase trade among countries by reducing tariffs (NAFTA- no tariff between U.S., Canada, and Mexico)

Global financial crises

a worldwide period of economic difficulty experienced by markets and consumers

International Monetary fund (IMF)

international institution set up to maintain an order in the internal monetary system

Microloans/micro lending/microfinance

small business loans often used to buy equipment operate a business

Special economic zones

region offering special tax breaks eased environmental restrictions and other incentives to attract foreign business and investments

free trade zones

a region where a group of countries has agreed to reduce or eliminate trade barriers

Export processing zones

areas where governments create favorable investment and trading conditions to attract export- oriented industries

UN’s sustainable development goals

a collection of 17 goals designed to be a “blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all”

Sustainable development

economic development that is conducted without depletion of natural resources

Ecotourism

The practice and business of recreational travel based on concern for the environment