Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization

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74 Terms

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adenine

A nitrogen- containing base: , cytosine, guanine, thymine, or uracil.

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Galactose

Five monosaccharides are important in the body: Glucose, Fructose, , Deoxyribose, Ribose.

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valence shell

If the is not full, the atom is reactive; meaning it will tend to react with other atoms in ways that make the full.

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dehydrationsynthesis

They are involved in and hydrolysis reactions.

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Warm core blood

cools the surroundings in skin blood vessels.

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organic compound

A(n) , then, is a substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen.

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element

is a pure substance that is distinguished from all other matter by the fact that it cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means.

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compound

is a substance composed of two or more elements joined by chemical bonds.

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atom

is the smallest quantity of an element that retains the unique properties of that element.

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Atomic number

which is the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom, identifies the element.

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It is always composed of the same three elements

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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Atoms are made up of even smaller subatomic particles, three types of which are important

the proton, neutron, and electron

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Two types of chemical reactions involve the creation or the consumption of water

dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

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Five monosaccharides are important in the body

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Deoxyribose, Ribose

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Disaccharides (di

= "two") are made up of two monomers

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A pentose sugar

either deoxyribose or ribose

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A nitrogen-containing base

adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, or uracil

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Mass number

is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus

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Periodic table of the elements

is a chart identifying the 92 elements found in nature, as well as several larger, unstable elements discovered experimentally.

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isotope

is one of the different forms of an element, distinguished from one another by different numbers of neutrons.

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radioactive isotope

is an isotope whose nucleus readily decays, giving off subatomic particles and electromagnetic energy. 

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electron shell

is a layer of electrons that encircle the nucleus at a distinct energy level.

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valence shell

is an atom’s outermost electron shell.

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bond

is a weak or strong electrical attraction that holds atoms in the same vicinity.

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molecule

A more or less stable grouping of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds is called a

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chemical compound

When a molecule is made up of two or more atoms of different elements, it is called a

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ion

An atom that has an electrical charge—whether positive or negative—is an

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cation

A positively charged ion is known as a

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anion

A negatively charged ion is known as an

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ionic bond

is an ongoing, close association between ions of opposite charg

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hydrogen bond

is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another molecule.

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kinetic energy

is the form of energy powering any type of matter in motion.

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Potential energy

is the energy of position, or the energy matter possesses because of the positioning or structure of its components.

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Chemical energy

is the form of potential energy in which energy is stored in chemical bonds.

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product

The one or more substances produced by a chemical reaction are called the

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synthesis reaction

is a chemical reaction that results in the synthesis (joining) of components that were formerly separate.

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decomposition reaction

is a chemical reaction that breaks down or “de-composes” something larger into its constituent parts.

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exchange reaction

is a chemical reaction in which both synthesis and decomposition occur, chemical bonds are both formed and broken, and chemical energy is absorbed, stored, and released. 

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catalyst

is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any change. 

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enzyme

is a catalyst composed of protein or ribonucleic acid (RNA).

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chemical reaction

activation energy is the “threshold” level of energy needed to break the bonds in the reactants.

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inorganic compound

is a substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen.

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organic compound

is a substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen.

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mixture

is a combination of two or more substances, each of which maintains its own chemical identity.

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solute

A liquid solution consists of a solvent that dissolves a substance called a

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hydrophobic

Nonpolar molecules, which do not readily dissolve in water, are called

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colloid

is a mixture that is somewhat like a heavy solution.

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suspension

is a liquid mixture in which a heavier substance is suspended temporarily in a liquid, but over time, settles out.

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Dehydration synthesis

is a type of chemical reaction in which two molecules are joined together by the removal of a water molecule.

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Hydrolysis

is a chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken down into two parts by the addition of a molecule of water.

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acid

is a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution.

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base

is a substance that releases hydroxyl ions (OH–) in solution, or one that accepts H+ already present in solution.

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buffer

is a solution of a weak acid and its conjugate base. 

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functional group

is a group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds and tending to function in chemical reactions as a single unit.

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carbohydrate

is a molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; in most carbohydrates, hydrogen and oxygen are found in the same two-to-one relative proportions they have in water.

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Monosaccharides

are the monomers of carbohydrates.

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Disaccharides

(di- = “two”) are made up of two monomers.

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Polysaccharides

are the polymers, and can consist of hundreds to thousands of monomers.

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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

is composed of a ribose sugar, an adenine base, and three phosphate groups.

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lipid

is one of a highly diverse group of compounds made up mostly of hydrocarbons

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triglyceride

is one of the most common dietary lipid groups, and the type found most abundantly in body tissues.

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phospholipid

is a bond between the glycerol component of a lipid and a phosphorus molecule.

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steroid

compound (referred to as a sterol) has as its foundation a set of four hydrocarbon rings bonded to a variety of other atoms and molecules.

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protein

is an organic molecule composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

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amino acid

An ___ is a molecule composed of an amino group and a carboxyl group, together with a variable side chain.

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peptide bond

A ___ is a covalent bond between two amino acids that forms by dehydration synthesis.

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disulfide bond

A __ is a covalent bond between sulfur atoms in a polypeptide.

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Denaturation

is a change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means.

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substrate

is a reactant in an enzymatic reaction.

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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

is a nucleotide that stores genetic information.

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Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

is a ribose-containing nucleotide that helps manifest the genetic code as protein.

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purine

A ___ is a nitrogen-containing molecule with a double ring structure, which accommodates several nitrogen atoms.

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pyramidine

A ___ is a nitrogen-containing base with a single ring structure.

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Phosphorylation

is the addition of a phosphate group to an organic compound, in this case, resulting in ATP.